Unit VII Collective Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit VII Collective Bargaining - Essay Example Since 1975, ESOPs have been on the growth because it has significantly played a big role in supporting the trade unions. For instance, it has a hand in allowing unions to have partial ownership. This means that it has offered the trade union with an incentive of becoming weaker bargainers hence leading to a reduction in the rate of labor disputes and strike incidences (Block, 2006). Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) have assisted the employee to strategically plan for the operation of the organization and coming up with outsourcing solution. On an employee perspective, it has allowed room for integration of the model with other existing plans to be able to provide high quality service and maintain a consistent customer satisfactory plan operation. The employers would experience a reduction in their business equity in the events of leveraged ESOP. During the valuation period the ESOP is most overvalued hence subjecting the employer penalty tax of 15%. It affects the value of an organization hence deterring employer from making the investments (Sloane, 2001). In addition, Employees would be affected due to the poor performance of an organization that is, they would encounter a loss of the long-term investment. Lack diversification of the ESOP investment would lead to the loss of the employees’ retirement funds (Aidt, 2002). Question 2: Describe the two major forms of no-strike provisions agreed upon by managements and unions. Outline and explain the series of remedies that employers have available when these provisions are violated (including any union-generated action that interfered with production). The management and the unions agreed upon provision that would guide the members of the union to raise their grievance without going for any strike within the period of the agreements. Among the provision agreed upon is the no-strike clause. It bonds the union along with the management to promise that their

Marketing research insurance program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing research insurance program - Essay Example The research aims at assessing the potential of proposed insurance program by garnering data from the target audience. The research approach and data collection methods would further highlight the research objective. Primary research method has been favored to achieve the objective of the research as it would offer current information and understanding. Research Approach The research is based on offering a new and innovative insurance program to elder people who find it difficult to manage their finances and time. As per the current Elder Shield plan, insured people would get $300 per month for a maximum period of 5 years and $400 for a maximum period of 6 years. The new insurance program would offer the same benefits along with wide arrays of physical and mental activities that would offer great results in the short as well as in the long run. Moreover, for each referral, there would be certain rewards and awards that would further motivate and influence people to insure their life and health along with spreading the message in a positive manner. There is no denying that elder people are more prone to injuries and health issues and thus this insurance plan would try to help them regain their health through physical and mental activities. This can also be considered as a noble cause by taking care of the elder people along with making their life exci ting and problem free. As per the statistics of the United States Department of Labor, around 20% of the retirement income is attributed to health expenses that can be considered as quite high (United States Department of Labor, 2011). Moreover, basic Elder Shield Plan offers $300 per month for a maximum period of five years that can be considered as good enough to meet health demands. This insurance plan would help in engaging retired people in physical activities like golf and Taichi along with few mental activities like chess and emotional intelligence games. This insurance plan would also help in saving more money as people who are healthy and fit tend to spend less on health problems. This statement can only be considered as a valid one once views and opinions of the respondents confirm it. However, there is no denying that garnering personal opinions and offering wide arrays of information to the respondents would help in achieving the research objectives in a desired manner. Research Design Research design plays an important role in achieving desired results pertaining to the research. Research designs are classified as explanatory, descriptive and casual with distinctive features. Explanatory design is useful in analysing secondary data as it determines the hypotheses that can be tested. Descriptive design is based on primary data collection methods favoring quantitative analysis. It also examines the association and relationship with wide arrays of variables. In this particular research paper, descriptive and explanatory designs have been preferred as explanatory design helped in examining the hypotheses through secondary data and information while descriptive design would help in understanding the utility of introducing new and innovative insurance plan for retired people. There is no denying that descriptive design is time consuming and often a cumbersome task but the validity and reliability of

Research report- Investigating a specific professional role (reception Essay

Research report- Investigating a specific professional role (reception Teacher) which you intend to seek employment after graduating from university - Essay Example with the course curriculum and the developments that are required for formulating best practices in guiding the children and also creating various opportunities and organizing various creative function for the children . The role of the reception teachers are recording the observations and summarizing the achievement and the success of the children. The teachers mainly emphasizes on the optimum development of the child and preparing for the successful transition of the child. The teacher is expected to provide best opportunities to its children for inspiring the children and promoting the ethos of the school. The role and the responsibility that will be required by me to perform being a reception teacher in a school is to focus on the physical, intellectual, emotional, creative and also social needs of the children in the school and also ensuring that it matches with the abilities and development of the children (Lieberman, 2007). I will be responsible for maintaining, supporting and developing the aims, objectives and policies of the school. For imparting best and proper education to the children I must keep myself updated with the specialist subject and the innovation and introduction of new technology and also application of various educational research and development and for creating a friendly environment I must work in coordination and with full cooperation with my colleagues for developing and introducing a holistic education which will transform the tradition into innovation (Wingerd, 2001). I am responsible for adapting according to the changes that is flexibility for coping up according to the changes and since the environment of the school is hectic and it required or expected to deal or interact with various people and together with that I will be responsible for handling all the students in the class and therefore it is required to remain calm and patience for handling all possible type of situations and hurdles. I will be assigned with

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Case Study - Assignment Example Secondly, employees were only liable for negligence when their acts result in students’ bodily injury. Significance: The Barr v Bernhard case served as a catalyst for the human rights movement to have the legislature change statutes that do not correlate with the legislative’s intents in a constitution. This case was decided many years ago and eight years after the court’s decision, the legislature had not changed the statute. Holding: The United States Supreme Court held that before a student from a public school is subjected to a suspension, the student should get the chance to explain his or her actions in a hearing (Find Law, 2015). According to Emanuel and Emanuel (2008) and Wasserman (2004) giving suspensions without a hearing violates the American constitution. The court held that suspending students from public schools without a hearing was in violation to the due process clause, stipulated in the Fourth Amendment of the constitution. Reasoning: Central High School where the nine students got suspended violated the due process clause because the students got suspended without first going through the school board’s hearing process. Though the students destroyed the school property which resulted to a disruption of learning the students were still entitled to education which was taken away when they got suspended. According to Cole & Smith (2007) and Alexander and Alexander (2011) students have an entitlement to their due process of the law stipulated in the

Public international law, problem question Essay

Public international law, problem question - Essay Example The scope of the Convention is restricted. It applies only on those countries that are signatories under the Vienna convention. However, treaties under Vienna convention has nothing to do with the agreements executed between the states and the international organizations and vice versa. Further, under the said convention, unwritten agreements are not enforceable 3. In total, there are one hundred and eleven states which had signed and ratified the convention whereas 15 states though signed the convention but did not ratify it. Among those countries are Afghanistan, Bolivia, Cambodia, Ghana, El Salvador, Iran, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Trinidad, Tobago, United States, and Zambia 4. According to Law on Treaty in Vienna Convention, no responding State can extradite a person to the requesting state for trial and punishable under the law for a period of one year or above besides more severe penalty if they are not executants of the treaties under the Vienna Convention. Moreover, no extradite agreements are in place between the requesting and the responding country5. Under the extradition treaty of 1994 which, allows responding country to refuse extradition of a person if that offense culminates to death in the requesting country provided the requesting state assures to the responding country that the man or woman required for trial will not be executed. Further, the treaty has a standard procedure to deal with such issues e.g. the language of documents, procedure under which the documents are to be submitted to the requested country, how an individual can be handed over to the requested country and other relevant issues6. According to the definition of Article 2 of mentioned treaty â€Å"an offense is extraditable if it is punishable under the laws of both countries by a prison term of at least one year. Attempts and conspiracies to commit such offenses, and participation in the commission of such offenses, are also

Wieden and Kennedy Essay Example for Free

Wieden and Kennedy Essay Chapter 1: The agency and how it fits within the context of the industry W+K Inc. is an independent, full service, creatively driven advertising agency based in Portland, Oregon. W+K was founded by Dan Wieden and David Kennedy in 1998. Upon working together, the duo recognized great similarities in their advertising philosophies and nurtured a strong business relationship that led them into creating their own advertising agency. Since the establishment of W+K on April 1st, 1982, the company has grown to become one of the world’s leading creative agencies with offices in the United States (Portland and New York), Amsterdam, London, Sao Paulo, Tokyo, Shanghai and Delhi. W+K has been built around the founders’ common tendency to break from the status quo advertising with intention of creating a firm and solid relationship between their clients and their customers. The business structure was formed around the ambition to provide an environment where employees would be able to produce their best work, and in turn offer a diversity of talent unparalleled by any other agency. Till this day the company continues to acknowledge and give credit to its staff for the agency’s superb creative reputation, as its shows below of some of their most prestigious and prized awards that have allowed them to propel the agency and therefore becoming a tough competitor to compete with, within the industry. Few factors that sets them apart from their competitors, are show below: The picture on the left shows â€Å"the 2012 Creativity awards report†. You can clearly see that the most successful creativity agency is W+K, Winning the Best Creative director of 2012, the best campaign along with best advertising agency in the world, compared to some of their competitors such as ServicePlan Munich, BBH and BETC EURO RSCG. Furthermore to prove why they are the top competitor within the industry; they’ve recently been voted by ‘ADWEEK’ the â€Å"Agency of the year† and from the picture on the left you can see some of the many awards they’ve won due to their innovative and creative work. What makes W+K so successful compared to other competitors, is arguably a result of the companys arcane understanding of current trends and, as of more recently, digital media such as ‘Social networking’ websites. The agency has latched onto the idea of making advertisements for its major clients that go the distance. For example, More recent success for the agency can be found in their current Old Spice campaign titled, ‘The Man Your Man Could Smell Like,’ which recently won the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Commercial. This campaign featured former professional football player Isaiah Mustafa to rebrand your grandfathers cologne into a modern mega-b rand beloved by young and middle-aged men alike. Isaiahs swagger and strange but enticing acting captivated the country by means of the agencys knowledge of the digital marketing. The campaign generated more than 94 million views for the brands YouTube spots, over 90,000 additional Twitter followers, and up to 675,000 Facebook fans. Another reason for W+K success is down to the co-founder and global president Dan Wieden attributes that creative consistency to building a culture that’s â€Å"just more fun than you can believe and harder than hell. That generates ideas, great enthusiasm and new ways of looking at old issues.† They hire some of the most talented people from around the world, where they are trained by experienced ad gurus and moulded around the agencies goals, to ensure they come up with the most innovative, unique and outstanding advertising campaigns for their clients. Although they can come-up with the most unique and the most creative ideas; but what they do better than anyone else, according to Ian Armstrong- Honda, is that they: â€Å"Truly ‘understand’ who we are as a client, to a point where they feel more like long-standing Honda employees than an agency. It is wonderful to see them truly immersing themselves in our business, even if that does mean racing cars around the track most of the time!’ – This is the main reason why W+K stands out from the crowd as they have a strong desire to protect the truth in communicating the brand values and objectives, whilst keeping a unique voice in a crowded market. W+K uniqueness in the industry, their success and the reason why they’re the top competitors, can be seen below through the eyes of their clients: Chapter 2: The different roles within the agency: The process of creating a TV ad for Honda The first stage of the process starts when the Client calls and asks to arrange a meeting with the Account management of W+K. The account management of W+K are responsible for getting their clients messages across the public and they act as the main point of contact between the agency and the client. More importantly, Account management will ensure that project are completed on time, and within budget, whilst ensuring they create a sociable and friendly relationship with the clients. The strategic planner will than consult work with the client, to discover what the real business problem is that they’re trying to solve. The planner would also find and draw conclusions from factors such as the consumer wants, needs , behaviours, that are then conducted through exhaustive market research and testing. For example the strategic planner of W+K was given a brief from Honda which was to: With this in mind, the strategic planners must incorporate research from focus groups, survey’s, questionnaires, in order to aid them, in development of the overall advertising strategy. From their in-depth research on Honda they discovered that: Based on the research shown above the planner than concludes by detailing how the goals will be achieved. When the communication brief is created, it would outline and instruct the W+K creative team on where they need to advertise, who they need to be targeting and the message that they want to send. The communication brief states: With the needs understood, the strategic planners of W+K would then travel to the headquarters of Honda, in japan in order to gain insight to what this car manufacturing company is all about and also to help them generate a marketing strategy. With strategy in place and the client’s approval of the strategy, the next step of the process would be providing down all these valuable information about Honda to the creative directors and designers of W+K. Tony Davidson: Executive Creative directorKim Papworth: Executive creative director The main roles of creative directors within W+K, are to be responsible for the overall supervision of the agencies creative products, meaning they will be monitoring progress, discussing ideas and suggesting changes. The directors will than arrange a meeting, where they would be presenting the client’s needs and wants to the design directors and then pass down through to junior designers, in order for them to generate some creative ideas. The creative minds of W+K were than able to turn the â€Å"The power of dreams† and â€Å"telling the truth about Honda† marketing strategy into cleverly thought out campaign called â€Å"Hate something, Change something†. The overall Honda communications strategy is about simply getting the truths of Honda out there. This strategy led them into discovering an interesting truth; the diesel engine from the company that hated diesel engines. During the two years that W+K having been working with Honda, sales have consistently beaten industry expectations and brand tracking has been incredibly satisfying. Thanks to creative minds of W+K, Honda beat brands like Ford, VW, Renault and Toyota. Honda’s voice is now in the public domain, and they’re starting to mean more than small, dull, reliable cars. Most of this was down to a fantastic client and agency team and some inspired creative thinking. But I believe the new ways they’ve invented to integrate strategic and creative thinking made a significant contribution to their success. Chapter 3: The agencies clients and case study of a client and campaign of your choice with critical analysis According to Nike company lore, one of the most famous and easily recognized slogans in advertising history was coined at a 1988 meeting of Nike’s ad agency W+K and a group of Nike employees. Launched in August of 1988, Nikes â€Å"Just Do It† tagline was conceived by W+K. â€Å"Just Do It† is without a doubt one of the most Powerful lines in marketing, which Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his â€Å"Just Do It† slogan to Gary Gilmores last word, â€Å"Let’s Do it†. â€Å"After stumbling badly against archrival Reebok in the 1980s, Nike rose about as high and fast in the ‘90s. It took on a new religion of brand consciousness and broke advertising sound barriers with its indelible Swoosh, â€Å"Just Do It† slogan and deified sports figures. Nike managed the deftest of marketing tricks: to be both anti-establishment and mass market, to the tune of $9.2 billion dollars in sales in 1997.† —Jolie Soloman â€Å"When Nike Goes Cold† Newsweek, March 30, 1998 From the above source you can see that before the creation of the â€Å"Just Do It† Campaign, Nike was losing ground to Reebok and other competitors, therefore something had to be done to get them back on track. With the help of W+K and its â€Å"Just Do it† Campaign and Nike’s strong products, they were able to increase its share of the domestic sport-shoe business from 18 % to 43 %, from $877 million in worldwide sales to $9.2 billion in the t en years between 1988 and 1998. Thanks to the creative mind of W+K Nike were able to gain a stronger brand to expand their market share, command higher prices and generate more revenue than its competitors. The main message behind this campaign is to get everyone urgently too loose weight by either: running miles, joining a sports team and basically not being lazy and being productive in their lives. What Just Do it, means is that they want you to ‘Just do it!’ don’t think twice and don’t have second thoughts start exercising!. The main success of the â€Å"Just Do It† campaign was the timing, when Nike was able to tap into the fitness craze of the 1980’s, by releasing a tough, take-no prisoners ad campaign that practically shamed people into exercising, and more importantly, to exercising in Nikes. They propelled their campaigns by endorsing celebrities such as Michael Jordan, who is considered the best basketball player of his time. Nike were than able to cleverly use the success of Michael Jordan, to create a whole new line of Nike apparel coined, â€Å"Air-Jordan†, which persuaded the customers into believing that his shoes were performance enhancers. In their TV advertisements with the basketball star, there were several instances where at the end of the ad, they concluded, â€Å"It must be the shoes† that makes his success. Along with Jordan’s rise to fame, Nike was able to tap into the spot light. Where ever Jordan succeeded, Nike was close behind offering the swoosh and the healthy saying of â€Å"Just do it.† Celebrity endorsement also helped to forge a relationship with the consumers, whilst also appealing to their sense of belonging and â€Å"hipness†. Nike went on to become a self-fulfilling image prophecy: meaning if you want to be hip, wear Nike; if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike. The â€Å"Just Do It† campaign was able to turn sweaty, pain-ridden, time-consuming exercise in Nike sneakers into something sexy and exciting. Perhaps most importantly, even those who were not in fact exercising in Nikes (the vast majority) still wanted to own them. By focusing on the aura and image conveyed by the fitness culture, Nike was able to attract those who wanted the image without incurring the pain. Chapter 4: The agency as a Brand and rational for why it fits to you as brand The company’s personality, culture, and style resonate greatly with me; it’s about thinking outside the box, forgetting the rules, and bringing out the best in its team. ‘Thinking outside the box’ is one thing that I try to apply in life, as it allows me to think differently to others, see things from different prospective and not being afraid to try something that seems different. From the in-depth research that I’ve completed, there is a little doubt remaining that W+K has proven itself continuously throughout the past three decades as a leader and bar setting agency in the advertising world across the globe. W+K attention to detail and their commitment to hiring only the best employees comes through strongly in their work. While modern marketing expects an understanding of digital media and popular culture, to truly push the boundaries of what is achievable, a deeper current understanding is needed. As an agency, its collective critical eye into the vortex of technology, commercial art, and all types of media gives Wieden + Kennedy the advantage of foresight into campaign ideas that otherwise would go undiscovered by their competitors. Bibliography/reference Berry, Matt. Making of Honda Diesel Ad. Http://wklondon.com. N.p., 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. http://wklondon.com/general/about/further-reading/Making-of-the-Honda-Diesel-ad.pdf. Daniel Seijo , (2006), http://www.motorpasion.com/videos-de-coches/otro-precioso-anuncio-de-honda-impossible-dream [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.motorpasion.com/videos-de-coches/otro-precioso-anuncio-de-honda-impossible-dream [Accessed 13 December 12]. Ed Cotton, (2010), Goodby talks to weiden and kennedy [ONLINE]. Available at:

Analysis of Cusp Catastrophe Model

Analysis of Cusp Catastrophe Model Social Psychology of Sport Critical discussion on cusp catastrophe model and using its principles of anxiety on an athlete’s performance. Introduction The ability to cope with pressure and anxiety under strenuous conditions such as a large sporting event is an essential skill to have, especially for an elite level athlete. Anxiety can be associated with an unpleasant state of mind, which can have different effects on performance. There have been many reported situations among athletes relating the feeling of being anxious or stressed in different sporting events. Dias et, al (2009) have participated in a research reporting 550 results among different level athletes linking to stress and anxiety to an important event. Some research have been shown that there were decrease in performance in correlation to anxiety such as memory, complex motor tasks such as shooting into the hoop in basketball () or indoor rock climbing (). However, there have also been positive anxiety correlations on performance regarding rebound shot in basketball and () have shown to have improvement in motor tasks skills such as anagram-solving. However, the relationships between anxiety and performance have been difficult to explain. Things such as methodological flaws, lack of operational definitions and unclear theoretical construction all conjunct within different theories (). Hardy’s (1990) cups catastrophe model (CCM) has been attempting to explain the contradicting effects of anxiety on performance, using multidimensional construct model. Cusp catastrophe model The catastrophe theory was originally proposed by a mathematician Rene Thom (1975). Rene developed the model geometrically explaining all naturally discontinuities in the world. Hardy (1990) has then developed a model of anxiety and performance (), attempting to explain the contradicting findings that have been previously reported regarding anxiety on performance. The model is based on the view on anxiety performance as a multidimensional construct; it combines the cognitive components â€Å"interactive effects of anxiety-performance relationship, the facilitative effects of cognitive anxiety and hysteresis†(), and physiological arousals ‘the organism’s natural physiological response to anxiety-including satiations’(). Cups catastrophe model shows an interactive, three-dimensional model predicting the effects for cognitive anxiety in a form of worry and physiological arousal on performance. Cups catastrophe model proposes that there are a series of four relationships which exists between cognitive anxiety, physiological arousal and performance. Cognitive arousal (CA) components are explained as expectations and cognitive concerns about one self, their situation and potential consequences (). Physiological arousal (PA) component is regarded as physiological response to anxiety, such as pain, feeling sick or feeling uncomfortable (). The first predictor suggests that cognitive anxiety has a positive connection with performance, when physiological arousal is at the lower end of the spectrum. The second predictor shows to have a negative relationship with performance, when physiological arousal is high. Third, is when the CA is low, the PA is shown to have an inverted U-shaped relationship on performance. The final predictor suggests that, when CA is high and physiological arousal is increasing a break in the wave of performance surface occurs. The split factor suggests that there will be a catastrophic drop in performance from the upper performance surface to lower performance surface. Moreover, when the catastrophic drop has occurred, with the large reduction in physiological arousal it is possible to bring performance back to the upper performance surface ().The change that occur when cognitive anxiety is high and physiological arousal increases is called hysteresis, which occurs under the condition of high cogn itive anxiety but not low cognitive anxiety. Hysteresis can be explained as the condition within the model where performance can catastrophically decrease from the upper performance surface to the lower performance surface. However, with the decrease in PA levels below the level at which the catastrophic drop occurred performance of the athlete may increase. Analysing one of the quotes made by Jessica Ennis, (2011) who is a professional 100 meter hurdler, have said: Im really, really nervous before every event, she admits. There are different levels of nerves. Before the hurdles Im particularly nervous as its the first event and, once thats out of the way, I relax a little bit†. Using cups catastrophe model it can be seen that Jessica experience signs of anxiety, having different levels of nervousness throughout the event. It can be expected that her cognitive and physiological arousals are pretty high, as the pressure from an Olympic event such as crowd, competition, winning the gold medal or podium position could have an effect on her performance. So before the event Jessica’s anxiety levels are high, with cognitive anxiety being high and physiological arousal decreasing the hysteresis effect may occur with Jessica feeling the pressure. However, her personal coping strategies could help reverse that effect, bringing her ba ck to the upper performance surface when the competition begins. Balancing the high cognitive state and physiological arousal may help increase performance during the event. Straight after the event it can be seen that she may relax, so her cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal decrease straight after the event leaving her of being more stress-free. Moreover, if she had to perform the hurdles after a certain amount of time, cognitive anxiety could be in at the middle and physiological arousal being low, to maintain the concentration for her to progress on to the next tier. Critical discussion The cups catastrophe model can handle complex linear and nonlinear relationship simultaneously in a three-dimensional manner, with the use of high-order probability density within the model, the functions have the advantage of being able to integrate sudden changes within behavioural jumps in the hysteresis(). Researches by Hardy et al, 2010 have applied the theory behind the cusp model over two experiments, supporting the process and the theory behind performance catastrophes and anxiety by using it with high levels of trait anxiety with competitive environment. The second study was social pressure and ego within the competitive environment which suggest that the cups catastrophe model is plausible. Hardy at al, 2007 have also found that hysteresis did occur in high CA condition, with the significant drops in performance with the increase in PA and CA. Another study by Marshall et al. 2005 looked into how interaction effects of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal on have an effect on golf performance. The research did confirm that using the model, it had a positive relationship in regards of different situations and how anxiety is coped. However, the research also indicated that even though the methodology is plausible other factors needed to be assessed, as the theory is multidimensional it is very complex. Edwards et al, 2002 on the other hand, implemented that the theory of cusp catastrophe model may be plausible; however other factors such as confidence could appear to play a significant part in the catastrophic performance. Also () has implemented that other models such as endogenous learning-by-doing (ELBD), supports similar fundamentals of anxiety literature. All of the studies and theories suggest that anxiety does have different effects on physiological arousal and on anticipation timing performance during competition and practice. Also most of the models do tend to support the hysteresis theory and the catastrophe phenomenon. Most of the literature supports the different implementation of anxiety which occurs within the human mind, however it is very complex and needs to be further investigated to find a greater explanation on how anxiety affects sporting performance. Conclusion Determining the effects on anxiety on performance is still ripe at this stage; there are plenty of implementations which could be added to all of the models and theories. However, with the use of combined theories it may help further explanation and elimination of how there are relationships within understanding of anxiety, and how potentially it could increase and decrease performance of the athletes. With the cups catastrophe model being one of the most used in the research, it cannot be overlooked that other factors may affect the relationship between anxiety and performance. With the implementation of cups catastrophe model researchers could use other models or theories to round up the conclusion. Reads Anxiety-induced performance catastrophes: Investigating effort required as an asymmetry factor Lew Hardy*, Stuart Beattie and Tim Woodman