The Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Presidency - Essay Example According to Neustadt, the presidency is an institution, and therefore the main tenet of institutionalism is a focus on the office of the presidency, as opposed to the person occupying the office of the presidency (Dickson, 260). In as much as Dickson (278) agrees with this notion that the presidency is an institution, he doesn’t denote that there are other factors that might influence an individual who hold an office, apart from the rules that guide the operations of the presidency. These factors are the inter-personal factors of the leader, which might include their academic levels, childhood experiences, religious believes, etc. On this basis, Neustadt has some bias in his study of the presidency, by insisting that it is the rules that guide the office which affect the manner in which an individual operates. Dickson (261) recognizes the immense role that Neustadt has played in the advancement of the studies involving the presidency. This is because other scholars borrowed f rom the tenets of institutionalism to develop other theories of the presidency. The theory under consideration is the new institutional theory. Dickson (260) argues that due to the inefficiencies of institutionalism, other theorists developed the new institutional theory for purposes of guiding the presidency, in their attempt to collect information, for bargaining purposes. However, Dickson (287) is quick to denote that new institutional theory has failed to help the presidency in acquiring information that can be used for bargaining purposes. This is because new institutionalism has failed to develop efficient and proper channels in which the office of the presidency can follow for purposes of collecting information to use for bargaining. Dickson (260) therefore prefers older channels of presidential communication, as opposed to the newer methods of presidential control. For instance, Dickson advocates for institutionalism theory, as opposed to new institutional theories of the pr esidency. This is despite the failure of new institutional theory to factor in the cognitive and personality of the leader in their decision making process. However, in explaining in his points, Dickson goes back to history, and analyzes the presidency of Roosevelt, Lyndon’s presidency, etc. Dickson (266) argues that institutional theory arose out of the need of the presidency to acquire information, and use that information for bargaining purposes. Access of accurate information is a very valuable tool for any leader. The manner in which a leader acquires and disseminates information is a crucial factor on whether he or she will succeed during their presidency. Neustadt knew of the value of information, and he thus developed his ideas based on the desire to develop an efficient method in which the aides of a president can help him or her to acquire the necessary information for bargaining purposes (p. 277). This article manages to use relevant examples in articulating the va rious points contained in it. For example, Dickson (262) manages to explain the various bureaucratic processes that occur at white house. This is in regard to acquisition of information, and its subsequent dissemination. For example, he denotes that when Roosevelt took the office of the presidency, he managed to create an office referred to as the executive office of the presidency (Dickson, 262). This office was responsible for personnel, policy planning and budgeting. He manages to effectively compare the

Introduction to Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies Assignment

Introduction to Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies - Assignment Example According to the article, canning is not aimed at inflicting pain to the offenders, but to put a public shame on the offenders. This does not portray respect to the citizens neither does it put into consideration other people’s confidentiality. According to the article, all women should cover their heads while no woman should work in a public office with the absence of her husband. According to my feeling, this act does not consider the rights of women neither does it value other dominions within the country. The Muslim culture emphasized in this article does not bring unity but is comprised of much discrimination and ignorance of people’s rights. Islam is a dominant religion in Indonesia. There are several factors that impacted the evolution of the Muslim culture in Indonesia over the years. The introduction of technology during the three decades of Mr. Suharto’s rule has had much impact on the evolution of the culture. Since then, there have been much editing and strong media which allowed information to spread across the archipelago. The Islamic values and their expressions of faith are no longer confined in to the mosque or within religious events (Salim, 2003). All these can be seen in movies and preached through the radios. People from all over the country are reached with information about the Muslim culture while information about any policies introduced can be communicated in an efficient way. There was much transformation on the nature of Islam in the country impacted by the Asian Tsunami. It heightened the international awareness of Indonesia’s indigenous people. According to their belief, many indigenous groups survived the tsunami because their traditional lore prepared them to deal with natural disasters. This disaster survived to strengthen the faith of the people in Indonesia. On the other hand, the bush

The Obvious Problem Of Binge Eating Psychology Essay

The Obvious Problem Of Binge Eating Psychology Essay Nowadays the problem of the binge eating is obvious. There are many people who suffer from binge eating. As a fact, problems and failures lead to the need of doing something that can calm down a person, and sometimes he chooses the binge eating, as one of the most pleasant and satisfying methods to stop worrying and thinking about the problems. As a fact, a person who finds safety and happiness in food, can not understand or find out how to solve problems or how to avoid it. That is why, family and friends have to be present in a persons life all the time and to help cope with any difficulties, not making a person suffer in loneliness and misunderstanding. Binge-Eating Disorder is a problem of the whole humanity, as in each country there are people who suffer from this disorder. Binge  Eating  (also  Binge  Eating Disorder)  is an eating disorder  in which  there is a periodic craving episode (binge eating)  with  loss  of  conscious control  over eating.  In contrast  to  bulimia, the  eating is  not  broken  then,  so  long  is  usually  the result of  obesity, as stated in What is binge-eating disorder? As a  separate  diagnosis  in the  context  of  eating disorders, the term  first time  was proposed in 1992.  The definition of  this  eating disorder  was  controversial  for a long time,  the criteria  by nutritionists  and  doctors  were  increasingly accepted, and the  need for treatment  of this  disorder  is  now  recognized mostly  in  Europe.  Treatment  approaches generally correspond to  those  of  bulimia, as stated in Binge-Eating Disorder. Binge eating can not be considered as a temporary disease that can be easily cured, because it is considered psychological and can be cured if only a person who suffers from it, would like to become healthy and to eat healthy. Diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria for binge eating were in the 1990s set up by the Psychiatric Association in the USA:  at least two binges per week over a period of at least six months, loss of control of food intake with loss of satiety, very high calorie intake for a Binge Eating, extremely rushed eating (wrap), eating up to a strong feeling of fullness, Binge Eating is not triggered by the strong hunger, Binge Eating connects to the guilt and shame-on, in part to depression, the victims suffer from binge eating. In uncontrolled binge eating there is eating mostly of high fat and sweet foods that contain many calories. Unlike bulimic binge eater takes no action after a meal, such as vomiting or excessive workout to prevent weight gain due to the excessive caloric intake.  Although the disorder already was first described by Stunkard in 1959, the binge-eating disorder is so far not represented with its own diagnostic guidelines in ICD-10 and is not otherwise described in F 50.9: Unspecified eating disorders or F 50.4,  binge eating from other mental disorders subsumed.   Interviews with stakeholders suggest that the binge eating exclusively to psychological factors and mainly by negative emotions, stress or boredom will be triggered, as described in Binge-Eating Disorder Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Help.  Psychologists assume that unpleasant feelings are suppressed during the eating process.  Thus, it was with binge eating a form of avoidance behavior.  As well as with other eating disorders, which are on the origin and function of this eating behavior but different theories.  P sychology in the diet, there is the theory that so-called restrained eating is a risk factor for the development of eating disorders, especially bulimia and binge eating. Epidemiology. Considering the frequency of binge eating disorder, there are different indications, most are based on estimates.  Georg Ernst Jacoby, former director of a clinic for eating disorders in Bad Oeynhausen, estimates the number of people affected in Germany of the binge eating are to 1.5 to two million, higher than the number of bulimic.  In the U.S. studies showed a rate of about two percent of the population.  About a third of the sufferers are men, there are no particularly affected age group as in bulimia and anorexia.  Much of the binge eater is overweight, but conversely suffers only about a third of obese patients to binge.  Most overweight people assume continuously to consume more calories. Therapy. In therapy, a normalization of eating behavior is encouraged and the triggering mental problems are treated. Therapy and support of the family and friends are indispensable for a person who suffers from the binge eating. Being out of control and not understanding the real problem of it, a person is not able to understand and control himself, as described in Binge-Eating Disorder. The therapy is considered one of the main components that form the successful cure of the person who suffers from binge eating. To the problem of the binge eating has to be devoted more attention and there have to be developed new approaches to cope with the difficulties, with the problems and different issues that arise. There are many ways and opportunities to solve the problem of the binge eating and to help people understand that eating will not solve anything, and to point the correct direction for them. Professionals in this sphere are able to change the peoples minds, to help them understand and re-evaluate different things that influence their behavior. Correct innovative approaches are essential in changing the situation, in making people think positively and to create goals and objectives in life, as described in Binge-Eating Disorder Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Help. The trends of the modern society are forcing people to make changes, to live in a rush, do make everything quick, to eat fast food, to spend a lot of money, and some people are trying to find something pleasant in the usual routine to become a little happier. And with no further way out they start looking for more and more, this way hurting themselves and do not know about it. Consequently, they urgently need help and constant support from their loved ones, as it is very essential for their health and future. Considering the current problems of people, the binge eating can be explained as a method to stop worrying and to solve the problems temporary. Binge eating is rather a new disorder that is caused by the external factors of the society, of the certain rules, trends, fashion, etc. People who suffer binge eating disorder are out of control, they are addicted to food and they do not perceive the surrounding environment as it is. Being able to discover the real problems and consequences of the binge eating disorder, the professionals and doctors will be able to cure a person without any negative consequences for him, by explaining the possibilities and real opportunities that will lead to the healthy lifestyle. That is why it is important to ensure that people who need help and who are addicted to the binge eating, to convince them to see the real side of their addictions, as described in Binge eating- Medlife Plus. That is why it should be taken into consideration that each person has to take care of himself and to understand that bad habits can not be a way out of the situation and can not solve any problems. Any person has to communicate more, to spend less time online, to share his thoughts and ideas with the loved ones and friends, to be able to ensure the best possible life for him and his family, without the addiction to food or an other things. All in all, binge eating is a serious problem that has to be solved in patience, with the carefully thought out strategy and without making any harm to the person. Sometimes, problems and failures lead to the need of doing something that can calm down a person, and sometimes he chooses the binge eating, as one of the most pleasant and satisfying methods to stop worrying and thinking about the problems. Loss  of  conscious control  over eating leads to overweight and to other psychological problems, which can be perceived as the way out from some situations. It should be noted that psychological help in cases of the binge eating is indispensable and extremely important. Without it, any cure can be useless and ineffective.

Substance Abuse in the Workplace Essay -- Illegal Drugs Alcohol Addict

Substance Abuse in the Workplace Substance abuse in the workplace is one of the top concerns in the United States today. â€Å"Studies show that 73 percent of drug users are employed, costing American businesses billions of dollars annually in lost production and staffing costs (Walsh).† â€Å"Due to higher employment rates and rising substance abuse, the chances that your organization employs one of these 8.1 million workers is greater today than it has been in the past several years (Walsh).† Studies also reveal that employees who abuse drugs have a tremendously harmful effect on the workplace. They are more likely to have extended absences from work, show up late, be involved in workplace accidents, and file workers compensation claims. Substance abuse includes anything from drug use, such as cocaine and heroin, to alcohol abuse. Before I start to discuss the various ways to get control of substance abuse I would like to give you a small background of the impact of substance abuse on the world today. The department of labor has gathered some of the following information and statistics to show the world how it is being affected: †¢Substance abuse in the workplace costs are estimated at $100 billion dollars annually. †¢Alcoholism causes 500 million lost work days each year. †¢Drug-using employees at GM average 40 days of sick leave each year compared to 4.5 days for non-users. †¢In Ohio substance abuse treatment has shown significant improvements: - 91% decrease in absenteeism. - 88% decrease in problems with supervisors. - 93% decrease in mistakes in work. - 97% decrease in on-the-job injuries. Page 2 As you can see substance abuse is a very ser... ... the warning signs and implement a policy to attack the problem. Most likely it is going on right under your nose and you do not even know it. Take the time to step back and help your employees, the people that really make a difference to your company. You never know it might save you money. Bibliography: Works Cited Campbell, Reginald L. Substance Abuse in the Workplace. New York: Mcgraw Hill, 1990. Harris, Michael. Human Resource Managment: A practical Approach. New York: Dryden Press, 1997. Largent, Richard J. Preventing Substance Abuse in the Workplace. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. Loomis, Loyd. Drug Testing: A Workplace Guide to Designing Practical Policies. Chicago: BNA Plus, 1990. Walsh, Michael J. Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the Workplace. New York: Target Investment Inc., 1996.

How Smoking Affects Your Body

How Smoking Affects Your Body There's hardly a part of the human body that's not affected by the chemicals in the cigarettes you smoke. Let's take a tour of your body to look at how smoking affects it. Starting at the Top As a smoker, you're at risk for cancer of the mouth. Tobacco smoke can also cause gum disease, tooth decay and bad breath. The teeth become unsightly and yellow. Smokers may experience frequent headaches. And lack of oxygen and narrowed blood vessels to the brain can lead to strokes. Lungs and Bronchi Moving down to your chest, smoke passes through the bronchi, or breathing tubes. Hydrogen cyanide and other chemicals in the smoke attack the lining of the bronchi, inflaming them and causing that chronic smoker's cough. Because the bronchi are weakened, you're more likely to get bronchial infections. Mucus secretion in your lungs is impaired, also leading to chronic coughing. Smokers are 10 times as likely to get lung cancer and emphysema as nonsmokers. Smoking and the Heart The effects of smoking on your heart are devastating. Nicotine raises blood pressure and makes the blood clot more easily. Carbon monoxide robs the blood of oxygen and leads to the development of cholesterol deposits on the artery walls. All of these effects add up to an increased risk of heart attack. In addition, the poor circulation resulting from cholesterol deposits can cause strokes, loss of circulation in fingers and toes and impotence. Smoking and the Body's Organs The digestive system is also affected. The tars in smoke can trigger cancer of the esophagus and throat. Smoking causes increased stomach acid secretion, leading to heartburn and ulcers. Smokers have higher rates of deadly pancreatic cancer. Many of the carcinogens from cigarettes are excreted in the urine where their presence can cause bladder cancer, which is often fatal. High blood pressure from smoking can damage the kidneys. The Results The health effects of smoking have results we can measure. Forty percent of men who are heavy smokers will die before they reach retirement age, as compared to only 18 percent of nonsmokers. Women who smoke face an increased risk of cervical cancer, and pregnant women who smoke take a chance with the health of their unborn babies. But the good news is that when you quit smoking your body begins to repair itself. Ten years after you quit, your body has repaired most of the damage smoking caused. Those who wait until cancer or emphysema has set in aren't so lucky—these conditions are usually fatal. It's one more reason to take the big step and quit now.

Goal and California College San Essay

Motivation is an interesting subject which is strictly linked to success in life, academic achievements, achieving goals and making dreams come true. I have always been a pretty smart individual who actually liked attending school and liked learning. For some reason once I graduated high school, I couldn’t find myself in the college career, I mean, I wanted to study and become someone important and successful but I just couldn’t fit it. I never even applied to any State Universities because I never thought I could achieve something so great and push myself, even though I graduated with a 3. GPA. After thinking and thinking and searching for the right career and college I finished at California College San Diego (CCSD). I chose this college because it is a short term course, with an excellent program and educational system. I also have spoken to a variety of student that have attended and graduated from CCSD and I have heard nothing but positive outcomes and they have all succeeded in their fields. I decided to pursue a career in Business Management and accounting because it just seems to click with me. A business administration degree is one of the most sought after by employers because it covers such a wide area of expertise (Hunt 2013). Attaining such a degree gives you the option to a huge variety of job opportunities seeing that it covers an enormous amount of advanced professional skills for any type of field, it prepares you with special capabilities that employers seek and you will have greater opportunities for advancement, have greater earnings potential and have the opportunity of truly enjoying your job. A Peak performer sets goals and develops appropriate attitudes and behaviors to achieve desired results. Peak performers succeed by basically just focusing on results. They have their long-term goals in mind but break them down into daily to weekly goals to be able to reach the main goal. Anyone can become a peak performer by changing their mind set and having in mind â€Å"the little engine that could. † Some of the characteristics of peak performers include setting a vision, having a sense of adventure or curiosity, being willing to take risks, a devotion to personal growth, and a strong belief in themselves. Some of the traits I that I acquire are, having my long term goal in mind at all times, take responsibility for my actions, behaviors and decisions, and remain confident and resilient. Short Term and Long Term Goals My Short-term goals during my course at California College San Diego are to overall graduate in honors and on time. In order to achieve such goal a series of mini steps include: have perfect attendance, be physically and mentally in class 110%, graduate with a 4. + GPA, achieve the Dean’s list, never stay with a doubt, and always ask questions. Also applying to a numerous of scholarships is at the top of my goal list. During my college career I plan to get internships/externships to get experience in my type of field in order to procure an employment sooner than expected. During my college career I will attain a job at any high-end company with a starting position. After achieving my associates in business management and accounting I plan to go straight into my bac helor’s. My long term goals meaning in approximately 5 years is after finishing my bachelor’s I plan to continue to my master’s if not done so yet. After my college career by that time I will be in a higher paying position and with my higher paying ratio I will then have the deposit for a new home, a new car, and maybe a deposit for a new start-up business. By this time I will then start my own family wanting only 2 children and still living in San Diego, Spring Valley as a preference. A more personal and one of my biggest/main goals is after completing all of my credentials/degrees is helping my parents in all their troubles and go visit my grandmothers grave to show her and tell her that I did it. That I, Estephene Santana, did it and that I can achieve anything I set my mind to. Fears When it comes to having fears I could sincerely say I don’t have any when it comes to my college education and my life. â€Å"Fears are nothing more than a state of mind. †- Napoleon Hill. What I do have is possible obstacles that can occur during my road to success. A big obstacle yet a blessing that I can stumble over is, getting pregnant. Both my husband and I have been planning on wanting a baby but at the same time I want to wait till I achieve my degrees. A variety of obstacles that can arise in my life consist of financial issues, conflicts with my husband/family, grief, losing people we love is inevitable even though I don’t desire something so tragic to happen sadly it does, etc. if you have a mind-set of achieving whatever you set your mind to, the world cannot know what you can be capable of. Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome. †(Washington ) Thanks When I reach graduation the main people I will thank will be my mother and my husband because they have both seen me struggle and have helped me throughout them. My husband, who has been my main support system for about 6 years, is the one who has always pushed me to strive. He knows me from head to toe, he is my strength when all I am left is weakness. He is the one who pushed me to walk through the doors of CCSD. My mom, my everything, my guardian angel, my mother is so amazing and the most important person that can ever exist in my life. I have her to thank because she is always there for me she gave me life, she has and I know that she will continue to help me overcome any obstacles that come my way whether they be big or small she is always there. She has always wanted me to become someone important in life and not suffer how my dad and she did. And when I graduate in honors I will smile at my mom and tell her â€Å"I love you I did it, and I did it for you. Conclusion In closing, I have established a variety of goals, I know there will be many barriers to overcome but I will achieve it I will succeed in life and become someone important. The high-expectations I have for myself will give me the motivation in completing my Business degree and graduating from California College San Diego in Honors. In brief, I want to become someone important in the business world working for a high-end company. I am not only motivated by my loved ones but also I am self-motivated to be great, to live great and to do great.

Free Essays on Rita Dove

used here are â€Å"blighted† which means something that stops growth and withers hopes and ambitions. So she is saying that her child has failed in her mother’s hopes and ambitions for her. â€Å"This wary aristocratic mole† is the mother saying that the daughter is an untrusting mammal of nobility, as moles have dark silvery fur and her daughter is dressed in head to toe in gray. Noble meaning she is better than this. In the fifth stanza we come to where the mother speaks quite plainly about what her daughter has become. â€Å"How’s... Free Essays on Rita Dove Free Essays on Rita Dove The Whore and The Child I have chosen to analyze two poems by Rita Dove. The two poems I have chosen are â€Å"The Bistro Styx† and â€Å"For Sophie, Who’ll Be in First Grade in the Year 2000†. In both these poems we have a mother or a mother figure trying to reach out to a daughter and to a child. â€Å"The Bistro Styx† is an exploration of a mother/daughter relationship. It’s about a mother letting her daughter go and not being able to protect her any longer. In â€Å"For Sophie, Who’ll Be in First Grade in the Year 2000† we have a mother figure giving advise to a child, to protect and help her in her quest of life. In the poem â€Å"The Bistro Styx† we find Rita Dove working with the ideas of home life. In the beginning the mother sees that her daughter approaches looking different and the mother asks, â€Å"What’s this?† The first notation of the difference from the child she was used to the woman that she has become. The daughter apologizes for being late, though she wasn’t. This is just a way of letting her mother know that she wasn’t in control anymore. Perhaps that she wasn’t in fear of any anger that the mother might have. The second instance where we see that the mother is unhappy with what her daughter has become and she says it quite plainly with: â€Å"We kissed. Then I leaned back to peruse My blighted child, this wary aristocratic mole.† The words used here are â€Å"blighted† which means something that stops growth and withers hopes and ambitions. So she is saying that her child has failed in her mother’s hopes and ambitions for her. â€Å"This wary aristocratic mole† is the mother saying that the daughter is an untrusting mammal of nobility, as moles have dark silvery fur and her daughter is dressed in head to toe in gray. Noble meaning she is better than this. In the fifth stanza we come to where the mother speaks quite plainly about what her daughter has become. â€Å"How’s...

John Steinbeck Research Paper Example

John Steinbeck Research Paper Example John Steinbeck Paper John Steinbeck Paper Essay Topic: East Of Eden John Steinbeck Archie Parks HUM/266 June 17, 2011 Lauren Holmes John Steinbeck John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, came from a family of moderate means. He worked his way through college at Stanford University but never graduated. In 1925 he went to New York, where he tried for a few years to establish himself as a free-lance writer, but he failed and returned to California (Nobelprize. org, 2011). Steinbeck did not have success with his early writings. Tortilla Flat a humorous story about Monterey Paisanos published in 1935 became his first well-known piece of work. Early Influences As a boy growing up Steinbeck was inspired to be a writer by his mother. Steinbeck’s mother loved books and literature; she was a teacher and his earliest influence into writing. As Steinbeck got older he often cited Charles Darwin as the main influence in his career. Charles Darwin intrigued Steinbeck; Steinbeck was amazed in the realism and naturalism of Darwin’s work. Steinbeck’s creativity primarily sparked by nature. He was very aware of his surroundings and many of the events of his life as well as social situations contributed to setting and plots for his novel. Most of his books took place during the period of the great depression. Artistic achievement Steinbeck liked to incorporate area surroundings into his writing. He often experimented with different styles of writing, like a play in novel format. He also used fabular, picaresque, and documentary styles as well. Steinbeck often wrote about poor people and how their lives were changed by their circumstances and used the layout of the land as an artistic style as well. His talents as a storyteller were unsurpassed. His engagement with the vital social issues of his day was worthy of the highest traditions of journalism. He forged a muscular, plain prose style of immense emotional range. And in his major work, he created an enduring testament to societys downtrodden, simple men and women confronting the demons of poverty, violence and bigotry and refusing to yield (Kamiya, 1995). What makes Steinbecks style unique is his dual use of omniscient narration combined with a real empathy for his characters. Steinbecks strongest writing talent is in his use of characterization (Steinbeck, 2011). In all of his novels, OMAM included, we really feel like we know the characters. We are pulled into their situations that what they endure and have to overcome. The plight of each character pulls at your heart strings and keeps the reader on the edge, never wanting to pause from the story. Steinbeck tried to find an organic means of expression for each book that he wrote. He considered his work to be experimental. He intentionally used a documentary style for The Grapes of Wrath, the fabular for The Pearl, the picaresque for Tortilla Flat, and so on. Generally he belongs to the myth-symbol school of the twenties. Dreams, the unconscious, recurring myths, symbolic charactersthese qualities are characteristic of what Jung called the visionary style. Realism, Steinbeck once noted, is the surface form for his interest in psychology and philosophy (Lewis, 2011). Impact on society John Steinbeck was one of very few United States writers to dabble in the realm of social problems. He attacked the issues and made them prominent in his writings. In the grapes of wrath he took on the depression and told the story of Oklahoma citizens who fled the dust bowl to migrate to California for work only to find themselves taken advantage of and forced to deal with unforeseen social and economic problems. Steinbeck took on mental retardation, social prejudices and socially acceptable behavior with the character Lennie Small in the novel Of Mice and Men. In one of his last works East of Eden Steinbeck took on Good versus evil and in his final writing Travels with Charley Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a three-month tour in a truck that led him through forty American states. He died in New York City in 1968. John Steinbeck is one of the 20th Century’s most significant writers, receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Steinbecks influence and ideas on social justice for the economic underclass of American society can be clearly seen in the works of Bob Dylan and others (Woody Guthrie, Billy Brag, Bruce Springsteen and others) (Tuffey, 2004) Closing American novelist, story writer, playwright, and essayist. John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. He is best remembered for THE GRAPES OF WRATH (1939), a novel widely considered to be a 20th-century classic. The impact of the book has been compared to that of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. Steinbecks epic about the migration of the Joad family, driven from its bit of land in Oklahoma to California, provoked a wide debate about the hard lot of migrant laborers, and helped to put an agricultural reform into effect (Liukkonen, 2002). In Researching information for this paper I found it amazing that not everyone saw Steinbeck for the literary genius that he was. Many people overlooked Steinbeck’s writings considering them simple. Many of his fans do not believe that he received the credit that he was due and feel that he was overlooked and snubbed by some. This author personally loves the dynamic of each of Steinbeck’s stories. The character stories along with social issues that were real, issues that pulled you in and made you think is what made Steinbeck standout and a true artistic Genius. John Steinbeck died of heart attack in New York on December 20, 1968. In the posthumously published THE ACTS OF KING ARTHUR AND HIS NOBLE KNIGHTS (1976), Steinbeck turned his back on contemporary subjects and brought to life the Arthurian world with its ancient codes of honor. Steinbeck had started the work with enthusiasm but never finished it (Liukkonen, 2002). Steinbeck has transcended generations and his literary works entertain as much now as they have in the past. Lastly I will leave you with these words from The Grapes of Wrath that truly show John Steinbeck’s writing Genius. Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up in the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments. (from The Grapes of Wrath) . References Kamiya, G. (1995, March 12). John steinbeck a brilliant new biography may get Salinas favorite son some over due respect in the literary world. Retrieved from sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article. cgi? f=/e/a/1995/03/12/style13230. dtl Lewis, C. (2011, June 16). John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Retrieved from http://www9. georgetown. edu/faculty/bassr/health/syllabuild. iguide/steinbec. html Liukkonen, P. (2002). John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Retrieved from kjrjasto. sci. fi/johnstei. htm Nobelprize. org. (2011, June 21). The Nobel Prize in literature 1962 John Steinbeck. Retrieved from http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/1962/steinbeck-bio. html Steinbeck, J. (2011). The Grapes of Wrath. Retrieved from enotes. com/grapes-of-wrath/author-biography Tuffey, D. (2004). John steinbeck;s view on personal ethics. Retrieved from ict. griffith. edu. au/davidt/steinbeck. htm

Basic Firewall Operation Computer Science Essay

Basic Firewall Operation Computer Science Essay A firewall is a piece of software or hardware that filters all network  traffic between the computer, local network or commercial network and  Internet.  Firewall is a component of a computer system or network  designed to block unauthorized access while  allowed   communication.  It is a device or group of devices  configured  deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all (inside and outside) traffic  team  between different security domains based on a set   Firewalls can be implemented in hardware or  software,  or  a combination of both.  A firewall can be few rules  determine what traffic is  being permitted inside or outside your home network.  Depending on the  type  firewall in place, access to certain  IP addresses or domain  names, or you can block certain types of traffic by blocking  of  TCP / IP  the ports they use.  There are basically four mechanisms used by server’s  security limit  traffic.  A device or progra m can use more than one of these in  relationship  together for more depth protection.  The four mechanisms  of  packet filtering, circuit-level gateway, the  proxy-server and application  Gateway. However, Firewall has some drawbacks.  Initial equipment cost is the main factor that determines the  Better communication technology network security  required.  The firewall cannot protect against attacks that bypass  firewall.  To  For example, dial-in and dial-out access.  The firewall does not protect against internal threats.  The firewall cannot protect against transmission of the virus  infection  programs or files.  It would be impractical and perhaps  impossible to scan  all incoming files, emails and messages for  virus   Time to time, the use of cheaper Internet and  links  much faster.  This leaves many people always want to  use long time. It is  increasing the exposure of computers to various  threats   Internet.  When using an anti-virus software protects  computers  viruses, not other forms of Internet intruders.  A server  Safety  bodyguard keep between your computer and the Internet,  decide what doors to open, and that can come Overview of Firewall -II A firewall examines all traffic sent between two networks to see if it meets certain criteria. If so, is routed between the networks, otherwise it stops. A firewall filters incoming and outgoing traffic. You can also manage public access to private networked resources such as host applications. It can be used to record all attempts to enter the private network and trigger alarms when hostile or unauthorized entry attempt. Firewalls can filter packets based on their source and destination addresses and port numbers. This is known as address filtering. Firewalls can also filter specific types of network traffic. This is also known as protocol filtering because the decision to forward or reject traffic depends on the protocol us ed, such as HTTP, FTP or Telnet. Firewalls can also filter traffic by packet attribute or state. A firewall cannot prevent individual users with modems to dial in or outside the network without going through the firewall at all. Employee misconduct or negligence cannot be controlled by firewalls. Policies regarding use and misuse of passwords and user accounts must be strictly enforced. These are management issues that must be asked in the planning of any security policy, but cannot be solved with firewalls alone. [5]

Construction assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction assignment - Essay Example It overlooks the Thames. It lies between the Houses of Parliament and St. Paul`s Cathedral. It is opposite to the Royal Courts of Justice. It is within five minutes walk of the Covent Garden, West End theatres and Trafalgar Square. The building is a 13 storied structure, and has 4 basement levels. The building is made of concrete and inflexible blockwork partitions. The floor to ceiling height is high. Roofs have valley gutters. Iron cramps have been inserted in masonry to bind the blocks together. Bonding timbers have been used in external brick and stone walls. The facade build-up includes glazed infill cladding. There are windows, and the flooring made of wood. The blockwork is inflexible, requiring extensive works. The facade are worn out. The facade are leaky allowing water ingress and air infiltration. VAV dual duct ventilation with open able windows caused high energy consumption. The environmental performance was poor. There are DDA and fire compliance issues. The top three floors were completely gutted. Access for fire escape and fire brigade was poor. Facade, building services and DDA access were not compliant. Major defects have been included in the table below. The occupants gave a negative feedback regarding the internal environment including noise and air pollution. Routine maintenance includes work that has to be carried out at intervals for keeping the building in appropriate condition. There may be requirements for replacement or repairing an item necessitated by natural deterioration of normal wear and tear. According to Chanter and Swallow (2000), routine maintenance is five yearly external decorations and servicing of boilers. According to the Audit Commission, details of maintenance cycles have to be set with a balance between planned and responsive maintenance. The initial focus must be on replacements that could be expected instead of those considered avoidable. The routine replacement items must be identified at the outset

Workplace policies and practices. DreamWorks Animation Essay

Workplace policies and practices. DreamWorks Animation - Essay Example This paper considers six policies and practices which contribute to the high level of employee engagement that exists in the company: commitment to the highest quality, diversity in recruitment, coaching and mentorship, a relaxed and â€Å"fun environment to stimulate creativity, and flexible teamwork. DreamWorks Animation is company that many creative people aspire to work for, and perhaps the most attractive feature about this organization is that it is simply the best in the industry. This high quality image brings a sense of pride to all of its employees but it also brings with it extremely high expectations in times of quality of work and adherence to tight deadlines. The company attracts the brightest and best employees because of its profile as a leading and innovative animated movie producer and so long as it maintains this position it will make them want to stay and achieve even more success. The company webpages show also a real commitment to diversity in the workforce, si nce the faces of leading employees are male and female, and different in terms of age and ethnic origins also. It is a young company with an international flavour. This diversity is useful to the company because it matches the global audiences for the company products, but there is also evidence this mix encourages innovative thinking and exchange of ideas. The different social and cultural backgrounds of the staff make for a stimulating and rich working environment. The company’s philosophy makes a big statement about this point, and it is clearly one of the company’s overarching and strategic aims to have unity in diversity: â€Å"In this friendly, open and collaborative environment, people of globally diverse talent and backgrounds push creative boundaries and enjoy an easy camaraderie. We attract a globally diverse group of artists, technologists, production and support staff who come together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DreamWorks Website). This commitment to be inclusive mea ns that the prevailing atmosphere is open and all staff are able to participate freely in company activities without fear of prejudice or inequality. Mutual respect marks the ethical tone of the company and this in turn leads to a more committed and contented workforce. Employee engagement begins at the point where people are recruited into the company. Vacancies are advertised on the company webpage, and of course the company requires very specific and certified skills in most of its employee roles. Experience is also needed in this industry, along with new ideas that are current in the youth cultures of the present time. Locating the right mix of talent and experience is difficult in animation, and DreamWorks takes a long term view of this task. It is commendable to note that there are outreach efforts in colleges and universities to draw in talent from all parts of society, including state as well as private educational institutions. In 2005, for example, the company started off an Outreach program to attract graduates who had no experience in the industry, but could demonstrate talent in their university work: â€Å"the goal of this program was to seed the next generation of creative and technical leadership at the Studio, and also to offset the rapidly rising salary rates for experienced talent.† (Newspeak.com case study, 2011) Some such ventures are little more than public relations stunts, but the company reports that 165 entry level graduates were hired, and 93% were retained, and 8 individuals were considered â€Å"

Plea Bargaining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Plea Bargaining - Research Paper Example 622 (2002), (Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the ninth circuit No. 01-595. Argued April 24, 2002-Decided June 24, 2002) the court initiated the focus on the realities of the plea process but the endeavor materialized with a half hearted outcome. It was in the year 2010, regarding a case between Padilla v. Kentucky - 08-651 (2010) the court engineered in the substantive calculus of the notion of plea bargaining along with the attendants sentencing decisions, running of the lawyers along with the associated civil consequences. Padilla was a petitioner, a lawful permanent resident of the United States for 40 years faced deportation after pleading guilty to drug distribution charges in Kentucky. Padilla held that before a guilty plea, the criminal defense counsel must be advising the clients not only about the direct consequences of the plea but also but also about one of its chief collateral civil consequences, deportation. The case of Padilla can be said to be a la ndmark construal of the constitution’s Sixth Amendment’s right to effective counsel followed by the court to move beyond its fixation upon various cases that go to the jury trials (Bibas, 2011, p.1117). The United States (U.S.) of America from a very long time has been rigidly associated with the emblem of democracy and freedom with proper and quick functioning of the court system being one of the major parameters. Within the judicial system of the United States, the notion of plea bargaining is highly common with approximately 90% of the criminal cases being settled by plea bargaining mechanism rather than by the process of a jury trials. The procedure of plea bargaining is subjected to the court and several states and jurisdictions fall under domain of different rules (Plea Bargaining, 2012). The American Samoa is one of the territories of United States of America and the central theme of the paper will be dealing with the practice of plea bargaining

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Answer questions - Essay Example There was a resultant concentration of wealth on the remaining populations and the remaining workers were paid five times more. It, therefore, had positive addition to civilization in Europe, hence, the reduced suppression of rights of workers and the concentration on health issues. It equally lead to adjustment on the distribution of land wealth in relation to the landowners. (Fredrick and Cartwright) The medieval communities longing for better lives made them live in brutality and horrible experiences from the acts of their superiors. The community lived in social tied out sets until they were torn by economic strife and the need for changes due to advancements and developments. The division of social class made the lords suppress the thoughts and notions of the peasants with a direct correlation with the tying with religion of which failure to conform would mean religious revolt by the peasants, hence, they had to humble themselves despite the hard times. De jure systems of justice ensured that fear and forceful obligation of the parties involved in conflicts ensued. The crude systems of justice in the middle ages were designed by the lords and powerful individuals in these societies to be able to meet their desired needs at the expense of others illegally and to maintain the status

Walgreens Company Analysis and Recommendations Assignment

Walgreens Company Analysis and Recommendations - Assignment Example The main focus of the retail giant drug chain store over the years has been expanding the retail footprint. Over the years they have concentrated more on opening stores than focusing on the needs of the customers as well as the employees. They have in the past used command and control approach in executing their business strategy. Therefore, they have set out clear roles and instructions for the employees which are closely monitored and evaluated. This needs to change as employees work better when they feel valued and that they can contribute to decision making. Leadership at Walgreens entails command from the top on duties and orders that should be followed by the employee. They are made to feel like cogs in a machine. This trend should change as employees should be made to engage more in decision making and giving suggestions. The top to down approach on leadership should be minimised. Better communication and relationship between the top management and entry level employees should be encouraged as team work will ultimately make for a happy work environment and therefore better service delivery. It is also important to keep training employees on better management and work ethic practices. It is of paramount importance to engage employees in better personnel management techniques rather than using the command approach (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). Once the employees feel valued, they will be happy and satisfied with their work. This will eventually trickle down to becoming more productive at the work place, rather than feeling pressured to deliver all the time. Other than employees, customers’ needs should always be a priority. It is good for the business to connect with the customers on an emotional level (Shalowitz, Stevens & Kotler, 2013).Walgreens can differentiate itself from the competition by better service delivery. It is necessary to engage with the customers one a one on one level. As such, Walgreens

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Political Science - Essay Example Under a conservative system, individuals are responsible for their own welfare and the state benefits from individual’s efforts, contributions, and interests. Conservatives do not believe in equality of citizens and equitable distribution of national resources since every individual is compensated according to their effort. Liberals believe that the government should set policies and regulations against gun ownership. Under this system, the government is responsible for individual’s security and, therefore gun ownership is unnecessary. The liberals argue that people commit crime due to social disparities that exist within our society. Thus, in a liberal state there will be social and economic stability enhanced by equitable distribution of resources. Such states will have minimal crime rates. On the other hand, the conservatives believe that citizens have the rights for gun ownership as provided for by the Second amendment. In a conservative system, individuals have the rights to defend themselves and prevent criminals from committing crime. They also believe that gun controls laws do not prevent criminals from obtaining weapons and using them to commit crime. Instead, they argue that the government should strengthen existing laws to prevent misuse of guns. [Source textbook and week 9 videos] 2#, US elections often divide the country into either blue or red states. The Republican Party is associated with the red state while the democrats are linked with color blue. The blue and red state ideology originates from the liberal and conservative ideologies whereby the democrats are considered as liberal while the republicans are considered conservatives. The red and blue states have their origin from the era of slavery. States that supported slavery remain under the republican ideologies while those that supported abolition of slavery support the right movement or they are the blue states. Blue states include New England and the Great

Walgreens Company Analysis and Recommendations Assignment

Walgreens Company Analysis and Recommendations - Assignment Example The main focus of the retail giant drug chain store over the years has been expanding the retail footprint. Over the years they have concentrated more on opening stores than focusing on the needs of the customers as well as the employees. They have in the past used command and control approach in executing their business strategy. Therefore, they have set out clear roles and instructions for the employees which are closely monitored and evaluated. This needs to change as employees work better when they feel valued and that they can contribute to decision making. Leadership at Walgreens entails command from the top on duties and orders that should be followed by the employee. They are made to feel like cogs in a machine. This trend should change as employees should be made to engage more in decision making and giving suggestions. The top to down approach on leadership should be minimised. Better communication and relationship between the top management and entry level employees should be encouraged as team work will ultimately make for a happy work environment and therefore better service delivery. It is also important to keep training employees on better management and work ethic practices. It is of paramount importance to engage employees in better personnel management techniques rather than using the command approach (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). Once the employees feel valued, they will be happy and satisfied with their work. This will eventually trickle down to becoming more productive at the work place, rather than feeling pressured to deliver all the time. Other than employees, customers’ needs should always be a priority. It is good for the business to connect with the customers on an emotional level (Shalowitz, Stevens & Kotler, 2013).Walgreens can differentiate itself from the competition by better service delivery. It is necessary to engage with the customers one a one on one level. As such, Walgreens

U. S. student population Essay Example for Free

U. S. student population Essay The sources indicate that there are key individual differences among learners which standardized testing may not be sensitive to. Racial discrimination can occur within the confines of a testing facility when certain questions included in the test are more favorable to certain ethnic, religious, or social groups or if they are less favorable to others. This weakness of standardized tests have already been acknowledged back in the Clinton administration when the Educational Commission claimed that SAT scores do not reveal all of the competencies of those who take them. A particular example that depicts the failure of standardized tests in measuring individual work competence is the case of Hope who was an able education student who could not pass licensure testing despite of her high marks in practical examinations and demo teaching exercises because she has a disorder that makes her read slower than normal. Presentation America is the melting pot of human diversity. Its population is composed of so many different ethnicities, religions, cultures, socioeconomic and sociopolitical stratifications that its minorities are the majority. It is needless to say that these differences naturally find their way in all aspects of American life, especially in education. However the problem arises when the way that the school system expects students to perform is to be measured by standards that are not fair to all. Standardized testing is the administration of a single, uniform evaluation upon all the members of the population. From standardized tests, a performance of the individual relative to the group can be measured and inferences as to which college he or she qualifies in are made. This means that the results of standardized tests basically dictate what a student is good enough to do in the academic world. It is therefore of utmost importance that such tests are conducted in a fair, undiscriminating manner and that the tests themselves give equal chances to all to be able to show what they can do. However, the individual differences of students in terms of their language proficiencies, learning, styles, and social and cultural inclinations seriously lead to such standardized tests being biased towards or against certain groups. The American public school system is composed of a great many students who are using English as a Second Language. These people who come from Asia, the Middle East, or Latin America have as much right as the next student to be able to perform to the best of his or her ability during standardized tests. However, when it is considered that all such tests are worded in formal English, the discrimination against these groups becomes apparent. A student can be a genius at calculus but if he does not understand terminologies used because he is more used to dealing with their Spanish or Arabic counterparts, it can be expected that he would perform poorly in a calculus exam. There is no question that the English language should be a part of standardized testing and it is, but allowing students who cannot speak English so well no alternatives in taking tests on other topics such as science and mathematics means that the system is forcing them to take English exams regardless of what subject is written on the test booklet. In any subject, learning is not supposed to be limited within the confines of the pencil and the paper. In science, experiments are conducted in order to verify laws while enhancing students’ competence with various equipment. The competencies that students gain in this manner cannot be tested by multiple choice questions on an SAT examination. The worlds future rocket scientists may not be so keen at memorization but they could be excellent at practical application of theories and concepts. However, standardized testing may well cut off any chances that they could have to become NASA pilots just because they are not good at multiple choice tests, something that they would hardly need when they’re up in space! Different students have different learning styles, this applies to how students are evaluated as well. If standardized testing would restrict evaluation to just pencil and paper multiple choice items, then it is closing its doors to all the many other learners who just happen to be naturally attuned to other equally important aspects of learning. Lastly, points of discrimination can be within questions themselves. A standardized test that concentrates too much in using examples in football games when giving details to math problems would confuse those who do not follow the game from answering the questions correctly. Including opinionated, political details to questions about comprehension can distract students from responding. All of these biases should be weeded out of any test that is to be administered to the U. S. student population. Standardized testing is supposed to have the value of giving everyone an equal shot. It is supposed to promote equality among all existing groups and fairness towards obtaining opportunities. However, evidences sow that the exact opposite may be happening. The current use of standardizes testing is disenfranchising various lingual, learning, and cultural groups from being able to fully express their academic competence. This is a grave problem for the educational system which should be addressed promptly and effectively. Students, educators, and government should all work together to be able to revamp this system of evaluation to standards that are truly fair.

Research on Art Therapy Treatment for Schizophrenia

Research on Art Therapy Treatment for Schizophrenia CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disorder. One to one point five percent of the total population suffers from schizophrenia. The severity of the symptoms and chronic patterns of schizophrenia often causes a high degree of disability. Most of those affected by schizophrenia respond to drug therapy and many are able to lead productive and fulfilling lives. Studies have shown that genetics, neurobiology, environmental, psychological and social factors are important contributory factors of schizophrenia. Some of the recreational activities and medications might cause or worsen symptoms. Researchers in the psychiatric field are now focused on the role of neurobiology, but no single organic cause has been found. Genetic causes could put a person at higher risk for developing schizophrenia and stressful life events could trigger onset of the symptoms. (Sahebarao mahadik, 2008) Schizophrenia is characterized a constellation of distinctive and predictable symptoms. The symptoms that are not commonly associated with the disease are called positive symptoms and negative symptoms. These symptoms will lead to isolation in the patients. Most of them have no insight in to their illness. So they need effective treatment. Complete cure is difficult in case of schizophrenia. So preventive measures and early detection can be focused. The treatment success rate with antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies can be high. Early diagnosis intervention in psychosis including promotion of early help-seeking behavior will promote better out come in schizophrenia. The main preventive measures for schizophrenia are decreasing the maternal stress during pregnancy, avoiding x-ray exposure during pregnancy and lowering the level of stress for child while growing up. (Yung AR, 2009). A combination treatment of anti psychotic medication and therapies such as creative art therapy can be used in schizophrenia. One in four people with the illness completely cure within five years. Psychological therapies are the important pathway to treatment. For most patients, symptoms can be decreased and well being can be increased. Creative Art Therapy is especially effective in schizophrenic patients. Art therapies combine the use of art materials with psychotherapeutic techniques that aim to encourage self- expression and promote self-awareness. They appear to be popular with patients and may result in improved mental health; especially reductions in negative and general symptoms of schizophrenia. Which are those least responsive to pharmacological interventions. (Mike j Crawford, 2008). NEED FOR THE STUDY The schizophrenia patients have disturbances in thought and cognitive impairment and one of the most disabling and emotionally devastating illness known to man. Schizophrenia affects up to one in a hundred people at some point and can cause hallucinations, delusions, loss of energy and motivation.Creative psychological interventions such as Creative Art Therapy are widely used in combination with drugs. In world wide 1 to 1.5% population were suffering with schizophrenia. It is often a chronically disabling condition therefore this condition is highly responsible for the population’s morbidity. The incidence rate of schizophrenia is 12-60 in 10000 per year as of 2011, its peak age of onset for men and women are 20-25 and 25-30 respectively. Schizophrenia occurs in all societies regardless of class, colour, religion and culture. (Dr.Robin Murray, 2009). Schizophrenia ranks among the top 3 causes of disability in developed countries worldwide. The main leading cause of mental disability is schizophrenia. The prevalence rate for schizophrenia is 1.1% of the population. It means at any one time 51 million people worldwide suffer from schizophrenia, including 6-12 million people in China, 4.3-8.7 million people in India, 2.2 million people in USA, 285,000 people in Australia, 280,000 people in Canada, 250,000 diagnosed cases in Britan. Rates of schizophrenia are generally similar from country to country about 0.5 to 1% of the population. Another way to express the prevalence of schizophrenia at any given time is the number of individuals affected per 1000 total population. In india,prevalence rate of schizophrenia is 7 per 1000 population. The number of people who will be diagnosed as schizophrenia in a year is about one in 4000. So about 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with schizophrenia in one year, worldwide.(WHO,2012). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to assess the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy on positive and negative symptoms among schizophrenic patients in selected psychiatric hospital, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES To assess the positive and negative symptoms in experimental and control group. To assess the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy in experimental group. To compare the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy between experimental group and control group. To associate the findings with selected demographic and clinical variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness: It refers to the outcome of creative art therapy in terms of reducing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Creative art therapy: Creative art therapy is a form of expressive Psychotherapy that uses art materials which encourages self-expression of patients in the presence of therapist. Schizophrenic patients: Patient who are in the age group between 20-50 years, suffering from schizophrenia with interference of thinking, emotion and perception in their day today life. Positive and negative symptoms: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucination, delusion, excitement, aggressive behavior and suicidal tendencies. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are anhedonia, avolition, blunting affect and alogia. ASSUMPTIONS Schizophrenic patients may face difficulties with positive and negative symptoms. Schizophrenic patients may not be aware of Creative Art Therapy. Creative Art Therapy will be helpful in reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients. HYPOTHESIS H1: schizophrenia patients who receive Creative Art herapy will show a significant reduction in positive symptoms than the patients who do not receive it. H2: schizophrenia patients who receive Creative Art Therapy will show a significant reduction in negative symptoms than the patients who do not receive it. LIMITATIONS The study is limited to, Schizophrenic patients admitted in kongunadu Mananala Arakattalai. Methodological limitations such as small sample size and purposive sampling technique. Schizophrenic patients in the age of 20-50 years. PROJECTED OUTCOMES The study will help the patients to gain a positive attitude towards creative art therapy. The study would enhance the patients to actively involve in the activities. The study will help the patients to reduce the positive and negative symptoms and enhance the healthy life patterns. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK The concept is a thought, idea or mental image framed in mind on response to learning something new. A frame work is a basic structure supporting anything. Conceptual frame work deals with abstraction which is assembled by nature of their relevance to a common theme. (Christenson j Paula, 2002). A conceptual frame work is global ideas about the concept in relation to a specific discipline. Conceptual modes are made up of concepts which describe the mental image of phenomena and integrate them in to a meaningful configuration. It is a visual diagram by which the research explains the specific area of interest. One of the important purposes of conceptual frame work is to communicate clearly the relationship of various concepts. (Kerlinger K N, 2002). In this study the researcher adopted modified j w Kenny’s open system model (1991) as a basis for conceptual frame work. according to j w Kenny ,all living systems are open and their in continuous exchange of matter,energy and information,which result in various degree of interaction with the environment from which the system receives input and gives back output in the form of matter,energy and information. System model consists of three phases ie,input throughput and output. Input Based on j w Kenny input can be matter energy and information from the environment. In the present study, environment refers to hospital and input refers to positive and negative symptoms in experimental and control group of patients by using PANSS and collection of demographic data and clinical data from both the group. Throughput According to the theorist, the matter, energy and information is continuously processed through the system, which is also called complex, transformations known as throughput. Process is the use of input i.e. energy and information for the maintenance of homeostasis of the system in the present study. Process includes the providing creative art therapy to experimental group and no intervention to the control group. [[ Output J.W.Kenny noted after processing the input, the system returns to the output (matter, energy and information) to the environment in an altered state. Change is a feature of the process that is observable and measurable as output, which should be different from that which is entered in to the system. In the present study, output is difference in the positive and negative symptoms. Feedback According to the theorist, information of environmental responses to the system, output is utilized by the system in adjustment, correction and accommodation to the interaction with the environment. The effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy on reduction of positive and negative symptoms is considered as the difference observed and expected. 1

Good and Bad Aspects of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Good and Bad Aspects of the Atkins Diet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The notorious and renowned Atkins diet has Americans and the rest of the world believing that if they simply "eliminate carbs" from their everyday food regimen, they will find the "fountain of fit". This idea among many others has come to be just another one of today's "fad dieting" techniques. The population doesn't seem to know or to even care if the plan will keep them fit for life, or if it will just be a quick fix to a nagging weight problem. Due to the fact that people want such quick results they tend to attempt the diet without knowing all that it actually entails. In reality, the Atkins diet is a quite complex way of eating, including various stages and limitations on many foods. Starting with an "induction" period consisting of two weeks, the Atkins diet allows no more than 20 grams of carbohydrates per day. Within this period, dieters are not allowed any sort of milk, fruits, grains, breads or any "high glycemic" foods such a s potatoes and corn. Instead, dieters are encouraged to consume meats, seafood, eggs, cheeses...

Feminine Roles in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Feminine Roles in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles.    One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us about the hero’s dependence on Desdemona:    Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates the seemingly betraying woman he has so depended on for happiness with his own mother, who gave Othello’s father a handkerchief and threatened him with loss of her love if he should lose it. Othello has briefly learned and then forgotten the precious art of harmonizing erotic passion and spiritual love, and as these two great aims of love are driven apart in him, he comes to loathe and fear the sexuality that puts him so much in mind of his physical frailty and dependence on woman. (226)    At the outset of the play Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. This is the initial reference to the role of women in the play – the role of wife. In response to the noise and Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. Iago’s bawdy references to the senator’s daughter present a second role of women – that of illicit lover. With Roderigo’s help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much ... ... murder on.† Emilia is aware that she is violating social convention here: â€Å"’Tis proper I obey him, but not now.† This violation costs her dearly Emilia’s stunning interrogation and conviction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iago’s killing her. Despondent Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife.    Thus it is seen that the roles of women are many and varied – and are key to the successful development of the story.       WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.               

HR function

Hrs manager is also responsible or the management of HRS to assist the company to reach their target. Moreover, HRS manager shares duties with line manager and HRS professionals. Line manager also seeks the guidance from HRS manager for selecting employee, training for staff, promoting staff and taking disciplinary action HRS outsourcing (HRS) is a process to hire external HRS professionals to help with HRS issues. The main point of HRS is to decide which needs to be out sourced and which needs to be kept. Mainly HRS focus on routine transaction oriented processes and clerical work.Yet, the strategic HRS management Is still taken care by HRS manager. HRS outsourcing is processed In these ways: Business process outsourcing, Discrete services and multiprocessing services. HRS shared service centre Is a expertise centre which helps to take the routine transaction and activities for the company in one place. HRS shared services centre offer another option for HRS outsourcing and offer th e same saving cost and services. Less professional will be needed while the shared services centre is used, in which can help the company to save a lot of cost.Also the most useful function to use hared service centre is to arrange payroll, relocate and support for recruitment, training and development, planning and retain the professional. Professional Employer Organization is organization to rent people to other business. PEP manage the administrative needs of employees and PEP will pay for the staffs salary and other compensation, benefits. PEP has the power to lease, release, and discipline and reassign the employee. However, the company can still have enough control so that they can run their own business.PEP Is benefit for staff because they offer the staff a to of organization so they usually have economies of scale that allow them of have a wider selection of benefits at a cheaper cost and they have a huge number of employee in the pool. Line manager involved in individual d epartment and mainly in charge of their own section. Nowadays, the line manager is involving many tradition al work of HRS manager and is performing their duties as well. For instance, all the recruitment and selection process, performance evaluation, developing of employee have been transferred to be done by the line managers partially.Intercontinental Hong Kong Is a five star hotel In Hong Kong, the service standard Is a very Important factor In the hotel industry. HRS Is responsible to process the recruitment and selecting of the employee, also they are the first one to screen the Interviewee for Individual department In order to make sure every Interviewee Is up to standard and then to be selected by the line manager or department head. HRS quantify interviewee for individual department they can save time for any not necessary interview and can hire a suitable person in a short time.In order to maintain a high standard in a hotel, training is a must for the staff. HRS is one for the department responsible for this. They hold different training for different department timely. For example, for the restaurant they invite some professionals to have a talk or wine tasting to the Food and Beverage staff to enhance and keep updating their knowledge. For the front desk, HRS chooses Some special comment card from guest then share with the staff and also ask that complimented staff to share the tips and how to please the guest.Other than the training and recruitment, Rewards is a significant recognition to the staff. In every quarter, HRS holds a reward presentation to all the staff who is complimented at least one time by the guest. They can get, for example a certificate to thank the great performance to the staff by management, a bottle of wine and Food and beverage coupon in the hotel restaurant, in which depends on the number of compliments. This action is to show the recognition to the staff and let them know the management really care and thank their amazing performance.HRS is also a tool for the staff to share their comment to the management. HRS holds a meeting is called † Direct Line â€Å"that individual can choose their representative to attend this meeting, in which they staff can have a direct conversation to the General Manager and reflect their opinion. This action allows staff to communicate with the senior management directly and let them know the management do care their thought and opinion. After all, HRS tries their very best to enhance the staff loyalty to the hotel and take place the training to make them competitive.

Village by the Sea

The Village By The Sea (1982) is a novel written by the popular Indian writer Anita Desai. It is based on the poverty, hardships and sorrow faced by a small rural community in India. [edit] Plot The Village by the Sea is set in a small village called Thul in Western India and focuses on a family trying to make ends meet. The main protagonists are Lila, the eldest child who is 13 years old, and her 12 year old brother Hari. They also have two younger sisters. They live with their mother, who has been chronically ill and is bed ridden.Their father is an alcoholic, which forces Hari and Lila to manage the family. With two younger sisters to take care of, life for Lila and Hari is too hard. Hari decides that he has had enough and leaves for Bombay to find work. Lila is left alone to take care of her family, and struggles to do so. Help comes from an unexpected source, the rich De Silvas. Meanwhile, Hari is new in the great city of Bombay and all alone. A kind watchman at an apartment whe re the De Silvas live, The Seabird, brings him to a restaurant owned by Jagu who gives Hari a job there.Hari builds a strong friendship with Mr. Panwallah, the lovable watchmaker. Through his experience with Mr. Panwallah and Jagu and the chain of events that take place in Bombay, Hari realizes that he could actually make a career as a watchmaker. Meanwhile, Lila, Bela and Kamal are forced to admit their sick mother in town hospital through the help of the De Silvas. Their father turns over a new leaf, and accompanies their mother throughout her 7 month treatment. Meanwhile Hari returns home to the changing environment.Anita Desai has explicitly described in her very own style of writing, how Hari in the dilapidated conditions of the Sri Krishna Eating House finds warmth and affection through Mr Panwallah-owner and watch mender of the Ding-Dong watch shop. Mr Panwallah instills confidence in Hari and comforts him when he is terribly home sick. He even gives Hari a vivid and inspirin g future and teaches him watch mending. This shows that even in one of the busiest, rickety and ramshackled cities such as Bombay there is still hope, love and affection. edit] Themes The themes in ‘The Village by the Sea' are: †¢ Harsh living conditions in India †¢ Adaptations to changing environments †¢ Poverty, hardships and sadness of rural Indians †¢ Hari as a central character of this and teaches how to fight hardships as there are good times and bad times in a person's life †¢ The building up of factories in the village Thul and how it has an impact on the villagers(Effects of â€Å"Urbanization†) †¢ Never giveup †¢ Determination †¢ Progress [ Village by the Sea Anyone who knows India knows how strong the vitality of spirit is here even under the worst circumstances. Continuing in this spirit, Anita Desai narrates, â€Å"I did not hide the pain, but I also wanted to communicate this capacity for enjoyment†. And this is what gives us ‘The Village By The Sea beautifully narrated by Anita Desai. It is the exemplary story of Thul, a small village north of Bombay along the coast where for centuries and centuries, life has been punctuated by the rhythms of small-scale agriculture and fishing.And then suddenly, in the seventies, comes the wave of â€Å"progress† in the form of an industrial plant: a large pesticide factory. The initial suspicion turns to hope for a better life in spite of the obvious danger to health because the economic aspect of existence is too central to afford to challenge such a great opportunity. The story brings into contact with the humanity of its inhabitants through the story of Lila and Hari, brother and sister, who get used to helping themselves and become the bread earners for their family comprising of a mother corroded by mysterious illness and an alcoholic father, along with two other small sisters.In the process they become witnesses of a literary radical change that has marked all over India in recent decades. The young Hari, comes to the city of dreams- Bombay to improve his condition and is faced with a new world. He gets engaged in the restaurant through the kind-hearted Jagu, who is also a poor fellow like him. The friendly Mr. Panwallah, a very kind and wealthy man helps him in all ways especially by teaching a craft that can improve the condition of his life and his family as also is the rich DeSilva, who, for no apparent reason, offer to accompany their mother in the hospital and to pay for the medicines.It is also one of the recurrent violence of nature, the monsoons, which make life difficult for the people especially those living in shacks crowded together in l arge cities. In the last pages of this novel lies with a similar (albeit attenuated) sense of helplessness: no one can stop the environmental pollution and destruction of an entire area, which will surely bring with it a general crisis of local residents. It ‘a story that points out a little' unusual India compared to what we are accustomed to imagine.In all this the author exercises impressive description of solidarity between the rich and the poor, which touches lives in the pure realization that life is good. It’s a way of saying that with good will and good luck â€Å"there it can be done† and you can build a better future with the running wheel of destiny continuing to improve as also worsen things. Anita Desai joins the chorus of writers in the complaint of a collective drama often passed unnoticed by the rest of the world.The trait is light and gentle, the characters do not cry, but the voice remains etched indelibly in the reader. What remains at the bott om is a strange sensation of the ongoing quest for survival. There is sweat and toil, there is suffering and there is joy. Everyone is determined by the karma and everything is as it should be. Everything appears inserted in the ongoing wheel of life, eternal change always equals to itself.

Types of Fallacies

FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE 1. Appeal to Force If you suppose that terrorizing your opponent is giving him a reason for believing that you are correct, then you are using a scare tactic and reasoning fallaciously. Example: David: My father owns the department store that gives your newspaper fifteen percent of all its advertising revenue, so I’m sure you won’t want to publish any story of my arrest for spray painting the college. Newspaper editor: Yes, David, I see your point. The story really isn’t newsworthy.David has given the editor a financial reason not to publish, but he has not given a relevant reason why the story is not newsworthy. David’s tactics are scaring the editor, but it’s the editor who commits the scare tactic fallacy, not David. David has merely used a scare tactic. This fallacy’s name emphasizes the cause of the fallacy rather than the error itself. 2. Appeal to Pity You commit the fallacy of appeal to emotions when someoneâ₠¬â„¢s appeal to you to accept their claim is accepted merely because the appeal arouses your feelings of anger, fear, grief, love, outrage, pity, pride, sexuality, sympathy, relief, and so forth.Example of appeal to relief from grief: [The speaker knows he is talking to an aggrieved person whose house is worth much more than $100,000. ] You had a great job and didn’t deserve to lose it. I wish I could help somehow. I do have one idea. Now your family needs financial security even more. You need cash. I can help you. Here is a check for $100,000. Just sign this standard sales agreement, and we can skip the realtors and all the headaches they would create at this critical time in your life.There is nothing wrong with using emotions when you argue, but it’s a mistake to use emotions as the key premises or as tools to downplay relevant information. Regarding the fallacy of  appeal to pity, it is proper to pity people who have had misfortunes, but if as the person’ s history instructor you accept Max’s claim that he earned an A on the history quiz because he broke his wrist while playing in your college’s last basketball game, then you’ve committed the fallacy of  appeal to pity. *Appeal to Snobbery 3. Ad HominemYou commit this fallacy if you make an irrelevant attack on the arguer and suggest that this attack undermines the argument itself. It is a form of the  Genetic Fallacy. Example: What she says about Johannes Kepler’s astronomy of the 1600? s must be just so much garbage. Do you realize she’s only fourteen years old? This attack may undermine the arguer’s credibility as a scientific authority, but it does not undermine her reasoning. That reasoning should stand or fall on the scientific evidence, not on the arguer’s age or anything else about her personally.If the fallacious reasoner points out irrelevant circumstances that the reasoner is in, the fallacy is a circumstantial ad homine m. Tu Quoque  and  Two Wrongs Make a Right  are other types of the ad hominem fallacy. The major difficulty with labeling a piece of reasoning as an ad hominem fallacy is deciding whether the personal attack is relevant. For example, attacks on a person for their actually immoral sexual conduct are irrelevant to the quality of their mathematical reasoning, but they are relevant to arguments promoting the person for a leadership position in the church.Unfortunately, many attacks are not so easy to classify, such as an attack pointing out that the candidate for church leadership, while in the tenth grade, intentionally tripped a fellow student and broke his collar bone. *Ad Hominem Circumstantial Guilt by association is a version of the  ad hominem  fallacy in which a person is said to be guilty of error because of the group he or she associates with. The fallacy occurs when we unfairly try to change the issue to be about the speaker’s circumstances rather than about the speaker’s actual argument. Also called â€Å"Ad Hominem, Circumstantial. Example: Secretary of State Dean Acheson is too soft on communism, as you can see by his inviting so many fuzzy-headed liberals to his White House cocktail parties. Has any evidence been presented here that Acheson’s actions are inappropriate in regards to communism? This sort of reasoning is an example of McCarthyism, the technique of smearing liberal Democrats that was so effectively used by the late Senator Joe McCarthy in the early 1950s. In fact, Acheson was strongly anti-communist and the architect of President Truman’s firm policy of containing Soviet power. 4. Appeal to the PeopleIf you suggest too strongly that someone’s claim or argument is correct simply because it’s what most everyone believes, then you’ve committed the fallacy of appeal to the people. Similarly, if you suggest too strongly that someone’s claim or argument is mistaken simply beca use it’s not what most everyone believes, then you’ve also committed the fallacy. Agreement with popular opinion is not necessarily a reliable sign of truth, and deviation from popular opinion is not necessarily a reliable sign of error, but if you assume it is and do so with enthusiasm, then you’re guilty of committing this fallacy.It is essentially the same as the fallacies of ad numerum, appeal to the gallery, appeal to the masses, argument from popularity, argumentum ad populum, common practice, mob appeal, past practice, peer pressure, traditional wisdom. The â€Å"too strongly† mentioned above is important in the description of the fallacy because what most everyone believes is, for that reason, somewhat likely to be true, all things considered. However, the fallacy occurs when this degree of support is overestimated. Example: You should turn to channel 6. It’s the most watched channel this year.This is fallacious because of its implicitly ac cepting the questionable premise that the most watched channel this year is, for that reason alone, the best channel for you. If you stress the idea of appealing to a  new  idea of the gallery, masses, mob, peers, people, and so forth, then it is a bandwagon fallacy. *Bandwagon If you suggest that someone’s claim is correct simply because it’s what most everyone is coming to believe, then you’re committing the bandwagon fallacy. Get up here with us on the wagon where the band is playing, and go where we go, and don’t think too much about the reasons.The Latin term for this fallacy of appeal to novelty is Argumentum ad Novitatem. Example: [Advertisement] More and more people are buying sports utility vehicles. Isn’t it time you bought one, too? [You commit the fallacy if you buy the vehicle solely because of this advertisement. ] Like its close cousin, the fallacy of appeal to the people, the bandwagon fallacy needs to be carefully distinguished from properly defending a claim by pointing out that many people have studied the claim and have come to a reasoned conclusion that it is correct.What most everyone believes is likely to be true, all things considered, and if one defends a claim on those grounds, this is not a fallacious inference. What is fallacious is to be swept up by the excitement of a new idea or new fad and to unquestionably give it too high a degree of your belief solely on the grounds of its new popularity, perhaps thinking simply that ‘new is better. ’ The key ingredient that is missing from a bandwagon fallacy is knowledge that an item is popular because of its high quality. Appeal to Past People (â€Å"You too†) 5. Accident We often arrive at a generalization but don’t or can’t list all the exceptions. When we reason with the generalization as if it has no exceptions, we commit the fallacy of accident. This fallacy is sometimes called the â€Å"fallacy of sweeping gene ralization. † Example: People should keep their promises, right? I loaned Dwayne my knife, and he said he’d return it. Now he is refusing to give it back, but I need it right now to slash up my neighbors who disrespected me.People should keep their promises, but there are exceptions to this generaliztion as in this case of the psychopath who wants Dwayne to keep his promise to return the knife. 6. Straw Man You commit the straw man fallacy whenever you attribute an easily refuted position to your opponent, one that the opponent wouldn’t endorse, and then proceed to attack the easily refuted position (the straw man) believing you have undermined the opponent’s actual position. If the misrepresentation is on purpose, then the straw man fallacy is caused by lying.Example (a debate before the city council): Opponent: Because of the killing and suffering of Indians that followed Columbus’s discovery of America, the City of Berkeley should declare that Co lumbus Day will no longer be observed in our city. Speaker: This is ridiculous, fellow members of the city council. It’s not true that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians. I say we should continue to observe Columbus Day, and vote down this resolution that will make the City of Berkeley the laughing stock of the nation.The speaker has twisted what his opponent said; the opponent never said, nor even indirectly suggested, that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians. The critical thinker will respond to the fallacy by saying, â€Å"Let’s get back to the original issue of whether we have a good reason to discontinue observing Columbus Day. † 7. Missing the Point The conclusion that is drawn is irrelevant to the premises; it misses the point. Example: In court, Thompson testifies that the defendant is a honorable person, who wouldn’t harm a flea.The defense attorn ey commits the fallacy by rising to say that Thompson’s testimony shows once again that his client was not near the murder scene. The testimony of Thompson may be relevant to a request for leniency, but it is irrelevant to any claim about the defendant not being near the murder scene. 8. Red Herring A red herring is a smelly fish that would distract even a bloodhound. It is also a digression that leads the reasoner off the track of considering only relevant information. Example: Will the new tax in Senate Bill 47 unfairly hurt business?One of the provisions of the bill is that the tax is higher for large employers (fifty or more employees) as opposed to small employers (six to forty-nine employees). To decide on the fairness of the bill, we must first determine whether employees who work for large employers have better working conditions than employees who work for small employers. Bringing up the issue of working conditions is the red herring. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION 9. Beg ging the Question A form of  circular reasoning  in which a conclusion is derived from premises that presuppose the conclusion.Normally, the point of good reasoning is to start out at one place and end up somewhere new, namely having reached the goal of increasing the degree of reasonable belief in the conclusion. The point is to make progress, but in cases of begging the question there is no progress. Example: â€Å"Women have rights,† said the Bullfighters Association president. â€Å"But women shouldn’t fight bulls because a bullfighter is and should be a man. † The president is saying basically that women shouldn’t fight bulls because women shouldn’t fight bulls. This reasoning isn’t making any progress.Insofar as the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is â€Å"contained† in the premises from which it is deduced, this containing might seem to be a case of presupposing, and thus any deductively valid argument might seem to be begging the question. It is still an open question among logicians as to why some deductively valid arguments are considered to be begging the question and others are not. Some logicians suggest that, in informal reasoning with a deductively valid argument, if the conclusion is psychologically new insofar as the premises are concerned, then the argument isn’t an example of the fallacy.Other logicians suggest that we need to look instead to surrounding circumstances, not to the psychology of the reasoner, in order to assess the quality of the argument. For example, we need to look to the reasons that the reasoner used to accept the premises. Was the premise justified on the basis of accepting the conclusion? A third group of logicians say that, in deciding whether the fallacy is committed, we need more. We must determine whether any premise that is key to deducing the conclusion is adopted rather blindly or instead is a reasonable assumption made by someone accepting th eir burden of proof.The premise would here be termed reasonable if the arguer could defend it independently of accepting the conclusion that is at issue. 10. Complex Question You commit this fallacy when you frame a question so that some controversial presupposition is made by the wording of the question. Example: [Reporter's question] Mr. President: Are you going to continue your policy of wasting taxpayer’s money on missile defense? The question unfairly presumes the controversial claim that the policy really is a waste of money. The fallacy of complex question is a form of begging the question. 11. False DichotomyA reasoner who unfairly presents too few choices and then implies that a choice must be made among this short menu of choices commits the false dilemma fallacy, as does the person who accepts this faulty reasoning. Example: I want to go to Scotland from London. I overheard McTaggart say there are two roads to Scotland from London: the high road and the low road. I expect the high road would be too risky because it’s through the hills and that means dangerous curves. But it’s raining now, so both roads are probably slippery. I don’t like either choice, but I guess I should take the low road and be safer.This would be fine reasoning is you were limited to only two roads, but you’ve falsely gotten yourself into a dilemma with such reasoning. There are many other ways to get to Scotland. Don’t limit yourself to these two choices. You can take other roads, or go by boat or train or airplane. The fallacy is called the â€Å"False Dichotomy Fallacy† when the unfair menu contains only two choices. Think of the unpleasant choice between the two as being a charging bull. By demanding other choices beyond those on the unfairly limited menu, you thereby â€Å"go between the horns† of the dilemma, and are not gored. 12. Suppressed EvidenceIntentionally failing to use information suspected of being relevant and significant is committing the fallacy of suppressed evidence. This fallacy usually occurs when the information counts against one’s own conclusion. Perhaps the arguer is not mentioning that experts have recently objected to one of his premises. The fallacy is a kind of fallacy of  Selective Attention. Example: Buying the Cray Mac 11 computer for our company was the right thing to do. It meets our company’s needs; it runs the programs we want it to run; it will be delivered quickly; and it costs much less than what we had budgeted.This appears to be a good argument, but you’d change your assessment of the argument if you learned the speaker has intentionally suppressed the relevant evidence that the company’s Cray Mac 11 was purchased from his brother-in-law at a 30 percent higher price than it could have been purchased elsewhere, and if you learned that a recent unbiased analysis of ten comparable computers placed the Cray Mac 11 near the bottom of the list. FALLACIES OF WEAK INDUCTION 13. Appeal to Ignorance The fallacy of appeal to ignorance comes in two forms: (1) Not knowing that a certain statement is true is taken to be a proof that it is false. 2) Not knowing that a statement is false is taken to be a proof that it is true. The fallacy occurs in cases where absence of evidence is not good enough evidence of absence. The fallacy uses an unjustified attempt to shift the burden of proof. The fallacy is also called â€Å"Argument from Ignorance. † Example: Nobody has ever proved to me there’s a God, so I know there is no God. This kind of reasoning is generally fallacious. It would be proper reasoning only if the proof attempts were quite thorough, and it were the case that if God did exist, then there would be a discoverable proof of this.Another common example of the fallacy involves ignorance of a future event: People have been complaining about the danger of Xs ever since they were invented, but thereâ₠¬â„¢s never been any big problem with them, so there’s nothing to worry about. 14. Appeal to Unqualified Authority You appeal to authority if you back up your reasoning by saying that it is supported by what some authority says on the subject. Most reasoning of this kind is not fallacious, and much of our knowledge properly comes from listening to authorities.However, appealing to authority as a reason to believe something  is  fallacious whenever the authority appealed to is not really an authority in this particular subject, when the authority cannot be trusted to tell the truth, when authorities disagree on this subject (except for the occasional lone wolf), when the reasoner misquotes the authority, and so forth. Although spotting a fallacious appeal to authority often requires some background knowledge about the subject or the authority, in brief it can be said that it is fallacious to accept the words of a supposed authority when we should be suspicious of the autho rity’s words.Example: The moon is covered with dust because the president of our neighborhood association said so. This is a fallacious appeal to authority because, although the president is an authority on many neighborhood matters, you are given no reason to believe the president is an authority on the composition of the moon. It would be better to appeal to some astronomer or geologist. A TV commercial that gives you a testimonial from a famous film star who wears a Wilson watch and that suggests you, too, should wear that brand of watch is committing a fallacious appeal to authority.The film star is an authority on how to act, not on which watch is best for you. 15. Hasty Generalization A hasty generalization is a fallacy of  jumping to conclusions  in which the conclusion is a generalization. See also  Biased Statistics. Example: I’ve met two people in Nicaragua so far, and they were both nice to me. So, all people I will meet in Nicaragua will be nice to me . In any hasty generalization the key error is to overestimate the strength of an argument that is based on too small a sample for the implied confidence level or error margin.In this argument about Nicaragua, using the word â€Å"all† in the conclusion implies zero error margin. With zero error margin you’d need to sample every single person in Nicaragua, not just two people. 16. False Cause Improperly concluding that one thing is a cause of another. The Fallacy of Non Causa Pro Causa is another name for this fallacy. Its four principal kinds are the  Post Hoc Fallacy, the Fallacy of  Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc,  the  Regression  Fallacy, and the Fallacy of  Reversing Causation. Example: My psychic adviser says to expect bad things when Mars is aligned with Jupiter. Tomorrow Mars will be aligned with Jupiter.So, if a dog were to bite me tomorrow, it would be because of the alignment of Mars with Jupiter. 17. Slippery Slope Suppose someone claims that a firs t step (in a chain of causes and effects, or a chain of reasoning) will probably lead to a second step that in turn will probably lead to another step and so on until a final step ends in trouble. If the likelihood of the trouble occurring is exaggerated, the slippery slope fallacy is committed. Example: Mom: Those look like bags under your eyes. Are you getting enough sleep? Jeff: I had a test and stayed up late studying. Mom: You didn’t take any drugs, did you?Jeff: Just caffeine in my coffee, like I always do. Mom: Jeff! You know what happens when people take drugs! Pretty soon the caffeine won’t be strong enough. Then you will take something stronger, maybe someone’s diet pill. Then, something even stronger. Eventually, you will be doing cocaine. Then you will be a crack addict! So, don’t drink that coffee. The form of a slippery slope fallacy looks like this: A leads to B. B leads to C. C leads to D. †¦ Z leads to HELL. We don’t want to g o to HELL. So, don’t take that first step A. 18. Weak Analogy The problem is that the items in the analogy are too dissimilar.When reasoning by analogy, the fallacy occurs when the analogy is irrelevant or very weak or when there is a more relevant disanalogy. See also  Faulty Comparison. Example: The book  Investing for Dummies  really helped me understand my finances better. The bookChess for Dummies  was written by the same author, was published by the same press, and costs about the same amount. So, this chess book would probably help me understand my finances, too. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY 19. Accent The accent fallacy is a fallacy of ambiguity due to the different ways a word is emphasized or accented.Example: A member of Congress is asked by a reporter if she is in favor of the President’s new missile defense system, and she responds, â€Å"I’m in favor of a missile defense system that effectively defends America. † With an emphasis on the wo rd â€Å"favor,† her response is likely to  favor  the President’s missile defense system. With an emphasis, instead, on the words â€Å"effectively defends,† her remark is likely to be  againstthe President’s missile defense system. And by using neither emphasis, she can later claim that her response was on either side of the issue.Aristotle’s version of the fallacy of accent allowed only a shift in which syllable is accented within a word. 20. Amphiboly This is an error due to taking a grammatically ambiguous phrase in two different ways during the reasoning. Example: In a cartoon, two elephants are driving their car down the road in India. They say, â€Å"We’d better not get out here,† as they pass a sign saying: ELEPHANTS PLEASE STAY IN YOUR CAR Upon one interpretation of the grammar, the pronoun â€Å"YOUR† refers to the elephants in the car, but on another it refers to those humans who are driving cars in the vicini ty.Unlike  equivocation, which is due to multiple meanings of a phrase, amphiboly is due to syntactic ambiguity, ambiguity caused by multiple ways of understanding the grammar of the phrase. 21. Equivocation Equivocation is the illegitimate switching of the meaning of a term during the reasoning. Example: Brad is a nobody, but since nobody is perfect, Brad must be perfect, too. The term â€Å"nobody† changes its meaning without warning in the passage. So does the term â€Å"political jokes† in this joke: I don’t approve of political jokes. I’ve seen too many of them get elected. FALLACIES OF GRAMMATICAL ANALOGY 22.Composition The composition fallacy occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that a characteristic of some or all the individuals in a group is also a characteristic of the group itself, the group â€Å"composed† of those members. It is the converse of the  division  fallacy. Example: Each human cell is very lightweight, so a human be ing composed of cells is also very lightweight. 23. Division Merely because a group as a whole has a characteristic, it often doesn’t follow that individuals in the group have that characteristic. If you suppose that it does follow, when it doesn’t, you commit the fallacy of division.It is the converse of the  composition  fallacy. Example: Joshua’s soccer team is the best in the division because it had an undefeated season and shared the division title, so Joshua, who is their goalie, must be the best goalie in the division. 24. Figure of Speech or Parallel-word Construction A fallacy characterized by ambiguities due to the fact that different words in Greek (and in Latin) may have different cases or genders even though the case endings or gender endings are the same. Since this is not widespread in other languages or since it coincides with other fallacies (e. g. quivocation, see above) writers tend to interpret it very broadly. Examples: â€Å"Activists have been labeled as idealists, sadists, anarchists, communists, and just about any name that can come to mind ending in  -ist, like  samok-ist, saba-ist, bad-ist,  and of course, who could forgetdevil-ist? † (The writer has the unsaid argument that any name ending in  -ist  is viewed as â€Å"trouble-makers† by our society. ) An introductory book on philosophy has an appendix entitle â€Å"List of Isms† the proceeds to list the schools of thought in philosophy. (Not all words that end in  -ism  is a school of thought: take for example,  syllogism. )